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Pratiyogitvam, a Sanskrit term, means recognizing 'difference' by noting the 'otherness' in another thing; 'difference' means - 'the want of the total characteristic of one thing in another'. Differences are of three kinds – a) 'difference existing in oneself' (''svajātiya-bheda''), b) 'difference in species' (''svagata-bheda''), and c) 'difference of genus' (''vijātiya-bheda''). These differences do not exist in Brahman who is one without a second. The Upanishads negate these differences in Brahman who is self-revealing and can be experienced when all mentations cease, what is then experienced is not nothing, for there can be no knowledge of a thing that does not exist. ==Background== After explaining that creation means the appearance of names and forms which cannot be parts of Brahman, for before creation they did not arise, and that one object differs from another on account of its name and form whereas Brahman is absolutely without name and form, with regard to 'non-existence', Vidyaranya in his Panchadasi (Stanza II-25) tells us:- :विजातीयमसत्तत्तु न खल्वस्तीति गम्यते | :नास्यातः प्रतियोगित्वं विजातीयाभ्दिदा कुतः || :"And about non-existence: we cannot say that it (is something that) exists. So it cannot serve as a ''pratiyogin''. If so, how can there be ''vijātiya'' difference." In which context, Swami Swahananda explains that to speak of 'difference' from a thing which does not exist conveys no meaning. The world is not really real so it cannot stand on the same footing. ''Bheda'' means 'difference', or 'not itself or the same but another'. ''Pratiyogitvam'', a technical term, means recognizing 'difference' by noting the 'otherness' in another thing. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pratiyogitvam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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