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The Portuguese term praxe (from the Greek ''praxis'' (πρᾶξις)) describes the whole of student traditions in universities or, more often, to the initiation rituals freshmen are subjected to in some Portuguese universities. Praxe is replicated by other higher education institutions across the country. Examples include Queima das Fitas and its parade, the ''Cortejo da Queima'', the Festa das Latas and the ''Latada'', where the freshmen walk throughout the streets with cans on their feet, and the ripping of the traditional academic suit of the students when they finish their first cycle of studies. Its roots go as far back as the 14th century, but it became most known in the 16th, under the name of the "Investidas",〔(【引用サイトリンク】Praxe Académica )〕 in the University of Coimbra, the oldest of its kind in the country. The praxe is meant to initiate the freshmen into the University institution and to encourage the loss of social inhibitions.〔(Praxe Académica - Portal regiaocentro.net )〕 Tradition, ritual, humor, joy and parody are some of the main ingredients of ''praxe''. Older students tend to produce funny situations and jokes with the freshmen; giving a warm welcome to them through initiation rituals. In most Portuguese higher education institutions, girls and boys have some gender-separated rituals to preserve dignity and respect. Most of the freshmen's rituals are performed collectively in order to avoid open ground for abusers. However, the older students sometimes take the praxe too far, when the initiation rituals, jokes and traditions are degraded into humiliation and violence, a violation of the code and values of the praxe.〔 The president of the ''Associação Académica de Coimbra'' (ruling body of the praxe) has described such incidents as a stain in its principles, and supports legal action being taken against perpetrators.〔(TVI News report on the assault ) 〕 One of the mottos of praxe is ''Dura Praxis Sed Praxis'' (Latin for ''the praxe is harsh, but it is the praxe'', like ''dura lex sed lex''). These incidents have led to criticism against the praxe, and the creation of student organizations against it. An increasingly larger number of institutions organize alternative initiation events for the freshmen based on solidarity activities and community work - it is called "Solidarity Praxis" (''Praxe Solidária'').〔(PRAXE DE MEDICINA SOLIDÁRIA CONTRA A LEUCEMIA )〕〔(Praxe Solidária )〕 == History == The roots of the praxe date back to the 14th century, when practiced by the clergy,〔(Praxe Académica - Portal regiaocentro.net )〕 which greatly influenced the design of the academic outfit,〔(Qvid Praxis page on the Traje )〕 but it did not attain recognition until the practice spread to Coimbra, first being named the Investidas, in the 16th century, upon the establishment of the university.〔(Praxe Académica - Portal regiaocentro.net )〕 From Coimbra, the tradition spread into Lisbon and Porto in the 19th century, when those cities gained access to higher education, and students from those same cities transferred closer to home and brought the praxe and its customs with them.〔 The ''Praxe'' is known everywhere in Portugal, being replicated inside higher education institutions of any kind and origin across the entire country. The process repeated itself, as more and more cities across the country had access to higher education, and today the traditions and costumes of the praxe are replicated nationwide,〔(Ordem Praxe e Academia ) 〕 with each particular university or other higher education institution, having its own specific rituals and practices, and some praxe-related organizations have even attained international reach as well.〔(Ordem Praxe e Academia ) 〕 The ritual burning of the ribbons of ''Queima das Fitas'', the tradition of ripping and tearing of the newly graduates academic suit, the ''Festa das Latas'' with its Latada parade, the ''Cortejo da Queima'' parade of Queima das Fitas, among many other rituals, festivals and traditions, are examples of events which are associated with ''Praxe''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Praxe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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