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Pre-Code Hollywood refers to the brief era in the American film industry between the introduction of sound pictures in 1929〔LaSalle (2002), pg. 1.〕 and the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code censorship guidelines in 1934, usually labeled, albeit inaccurately, as the "Hays Code". Although the Code was adopted in 1930, oversight was poor and it did not become rigorously enforced until July 1, 1934, with the establishment of the PCA. Before that date, movie content was restricted more by local laws, negotiations between the Studio Relations Committee (SRC) and the major studios, and popular opinion, than strict adherence to the Hays Code, which was often ignored by Hollywood filmmakers. As a result, films in the late 1920s and early 1930s included sexual innuendo, miscegenation, profanity, illegal drug use, promiscuity, prostitution, infidelity, abortion, intense violence, and homosexuality. Strong female characters were ubiquitous, in such films as ''Female'', ''Baby Face'', and ''Red-Headed Woman''. Gangsters in films like ''The Public Enemy'', ''Little Caesar'', and ''Scarface'' were seen by many as heroic rather than evil. Along with featuring stronger female characters, films examined female subject matters that would not be revisited until decades later in American films. Nefarious characters were seen to profit from their deeds, in some cases without significant repercussions, and drug use was a topic of several films. Many of Hollywood's biggest stars such as Clark Gable, Barbara Stanwyck, Joan Blondell and Edward G. Robinson got their start in the era. Other stars who excelled during this period, however, like Ruth Chatterton (who decamped to England) and Warren William (the so-called "king of Pre-Code", who died in 1948), would wind up essentially forgotten by the general public within a generation.〔Turan, pg. 371.〕 Beginning in late 1933 and escalating throughout the first half of 1934, American Roman Catholics launched a campaign against what they deemed the immorality of American cinema. This, plus a potential government takeover of film censorship and social research seeming to indicate that movies which were seen to be immoral could promote bad behavior, was enough pressure to force the studios to capitulate to greater oversight. ==Origins of the Code== In 1922, after some risqué films and a series of off-screen scandals involving Hollywood stars, the studios enlisted beacon of rectitude and Presbyterian elder William H. "Will" Hays to rehabilitate Hollywood's image. Hays, later nicknamed the motion picture "Czar", was paid the then-lavish sum of $100,000 a year (equivalent to more than $1.4 million in 2014 dollars).〔Yagoda, Ben. (HOLLYWOOD CLEANS UP ITS ACT: The curious career of the Hays Office ), americanheritage.com; accessed October 11, 2012.〕〔Gardner (2005), pg. 92. ((available online ))〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Inflation Calculator )〕 Hays, Postmaster General under Warren G. Harding and former head of the Republican National Committee,〔Siegel & Siegel, pg. 190.〕 served for 25 years as president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), where he "defended the industry from attacks, recited soothing nostrums, and negotiated treaties to cease hostilities."〔Doherty, pg. 6.〕 The move mimicked the decision Major League Baseball had made in hiring judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis as League Commissioner the previous year to quell questions about the integrity of baseball in wake of the 1919 World Series gambling scandal; ''The New York Times'' called Hays the "screen Landis".〔 Hays introduced a set of recommendations dubbed "The Formula" in 1924, which the studios were advised to heed, and asked filmmakers to describe to his office the plots of pictures they were planning.〔Prince, pg. 20.〕 The Supreme Court had already decided unanimously in 1915 in ''Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio'' that free speech did not extend to motion pictures,〔Jowett, essay in Bernstein, pg. 16.〕 and while there had been token attempts to clean up the movies before, such as when the studios formed the National Association of the Motion Picture Industry (NAMPI) in 1916, little had come of the efforts.〔Butters Jr, pg. 149.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pre-Code Hollywood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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