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Preadolescence is a stage of human development following early childhood and preceding adolescence.〔New Oxford American Dictionary. 2nd Edition. 2005. Oxford University Press.〕 It generally ends with the beginning of puberty, but may also be defined as ending with the start of the teenage years. For example, dictionary definitions generally designate it as 10–13 years.〔(Dictionary.com --> Definition of preadolescence ) (Based on the Random House Dictionary, 2009) Retrieved on July 5, 2009〕 Preadolescence can bring its own challenges and anxieties, and, unlike most of the preceding phases, crucial elements of preadolescence are starkly different for boys and girls.〔Giselle Liza Anatol, ''Reading Harry Potter'' (2003) p. 18〕 == Terminology and span == Although dictionary definitions generally define preadolescence as ranging from age 10–13 years,〔 it may also be defined as the period from 9–14 years.〔William A. Corsaro, ''The Sociology of Childhood'' (2005) p. 191 and p. 124〕〔Donald C. Freeman, ''Essays in Modern Stylistics'' (1981) p. 399〕 While known as ''preadolescent'' in psychology, the terms ''preteen'', ''preteenager'' or ''tween ''are common in everyday use. A preteen or preteenager〔 is a person 12 and under.〔 Generally, the term is restricted to those close to reaching age 12,〔 especially age 11.〔 ''Tween'' is an American neologism and marketing term〔(Levasseur, Maïthé ) (2007-02-09). (Familiar with tweens? You should be... ). The Tourism Intelligence Network. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.〕 for ''preteen'', which is a blend of ''between'' and ''teen''.〔Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Eleventh Edition. 2003. Merriam-Webster.〕〔The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth Edition. 2000. Houghton Mifflin Company.〕 People within this age range are variously described as tweens, preadolescents, tweenies, preteens or tweenagers. The term ''tween'' was previously used in J. R. R. Tolkien's 1954 novel ''The Lord of the Rings'' to refer to Hobbits in their twenties: "''tweens'' as Hobbits called the irresponsible twenties between childhood and the coming of age at thirty-three."〔Tolkien, J. R. R. ''The Lord of the Rings; The Fellowship of the Ring '' Copyright 1965 by J.R.R Tolkien; Ballantine Books, A Division of Random House Inc. SBN 345-24032-4-150〕 In this context, the word is really either a shortened version of ''between'' or a portmanteau of ''teen'' and ''twenty'', and in either case has no connection to teens, preteens or the American marketing niche. The point at which a child becomes an adolescent is defined by the onset of puberty or by the beginning of the teenage stage.〔〔〔 Adolescence is also viewed as ending with the teenage stage.〔 However, in some individuals (particularly females), puberty begins in the preadolescence years,〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=adc.bmj.com )〕 and adolescence may extend a few years beyond the teenage years in others (typically males).〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=rainbowpediatrics.net )〕 Studies indicate that 'the onset of puberty has been one year earlier with each generation since the 1950s.'〔G. Ryan et al, ''Juvenile Sexual Offending'' (2010) p. 42〕 One can also distinguish middle childhood and preadolescence〔 – middle childhood from approximately 5–8 years, as opposed to the time children are generally considered to reach preadolescence.〔 There is no exact agreement as to when preadolescence starts and ends, and research suggests that 'chronological time...is by no means identical with developmental time – the duration of the "inner" stages of growth' – or with physiological time.〔A. Gesell et al., ''Youth'' (London 1956) p. 20〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Preadolescence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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