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The Principality of Hungary〔S. Wise Bauer, (The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade ), W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586〕〔George H. Hodos, (The East-Central European region: an historical outline ), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19〕〔〔Ferenc Glatz, Magyar Történelmi Társulat, (Etudes historiques hongroises 1990: Environment and society in Hungary ), Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1990, p. 10〕〔(Acta historica, Volumes 105-110 ), József Attila Tudom. Bölcs. Kar, 1998, p. 28〕〔〔Oksana Buranbaeva, Vanja Mladineo, (Culture and Customs of Hungary ), ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 19〕 or Duchy of Hungary〔Colin Davies, (The emergence of Western society: European history A.D. 300-1200 ), Macmillan, 1969, p. 181〕〔Jennifer Lawler, (Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire ), McFarland & Co., 2004, p.13〕 ((ハンガリー語:Magyar Nagyfejedelemség): "Hungarian Grand Principality")〔(Hadtörténelmi közlemények, Volume 114 ) , Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum, 2001, p. 131〕 was the earliest documented Hungarian state in the Carpathian Basin, established 895 or 896,〔(The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14 ), Grolier Incorporated, 2002, p. 581〕〔(Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1 ), Scholastic Library Pub., 2006, p. 581〕〔〔〔Zahava Szász Stessel, (Wine and thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish life in Hungary : the history of Abaújszántó ), Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1995, p. 47〕 following the 9th century Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarians, a semi-nomadic people forming a tribal alliance〔Louis Komzsik, (Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity ), Trafford Publishing, 2011 p. 54〕〔(Peter Linehan,Janet Laughland Nelson. 2001. p. 79 )〕〔(Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov,André Wink. 2001. p. 103 )〕〔(Lendvai. 2003. p. 15 )〕 led by Árpád, arrived from Etelköz which was their earlier principality east of the Carpathians.〔Paul Lendvai, (The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat ), C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533〕 During the period, the power of the Hungarian Grand Prince seemed to be decreasing irrespective of the success of the Hungarian military raids across Europe. The tribal territories, ruled by Hungarian warlords (chieftains), became semi-independent polities (e.g. domains of Gyula the Younger in Transylvania). These territories got united again only under the rule of St Stephen. The semi-nomadic Hungarian population adopted settled life. The chiefdom society changed to a state society. From the second half of the 10th century, Christianity started to spread. The principality was succeeded by the Christian Kingdom of Hungary with the coronation of St Stephen I at Esztergom on Christmas Day 1000 (its alternative date is 1 January 1001).〔University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, (Studies in medieval and renaissance history ), Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159〕〔Peter F. Sugar,Péter Hanák () A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994, pp 12-17〕〔Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton, (The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 ), .B.Tauris, 2005, p. 27〕 The Hungarian historiography calls the entire period from 896 to 1000 ''"the age of principality"''.〔 ==Name== The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following Anonymus's description, the federation was called "Hetumoger / Seven Magyars" (''"VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur"'', "seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"〔Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, (Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63 ), Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99〕), though the word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called ''Megyer''. The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.〔György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, (The Magyars: the birth of a European nation ), Corvina, 1989, p. 8〕〔Alan W. Ertl, (Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration ), Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358〕 Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" prior to the conquest of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on the steppes of Eastern Europe (in 837 "Ungri" mentioned by Georgius Monachus, in 862 "Ungri" by Annales Bertiniani, in 881 "Ungari" by the ''Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus''). In contemporary Byzantine sources, written in Greek, the country was known as "Western ''Tourkia''".〔Peter B. Golden, (Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs ), Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, (The Turks in the World History ), Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' ''Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi'' 2 (1982), 37–76.〕〔Carter V. Findley, (The Turks in world history ), Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51〕 The Jewish Hasdai ibn Shaprut around 960 called the polity "''the land of the Hungrin''" (the land of the Hungarians) in a letter to Joseph of the Khazars.〔Raphael Patai, (The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology ), Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 29, ISBN 978-0814325612〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Principality of Hungary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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