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Privatdozent
''Privatdozent'' (abbreviated PD, P.D. or Priv.-Doz.) is an academic title conferred by some European universities, especially in German-speaking countries, to someone who holds certain formal qualifications that denote an ability to teach independently at university level. In its current usage, the title indicates that the holder has permission to teach and supervise PhD students independently 〔http://www.psychology.uzh.ch/studying/doctorates/forms/Doctoral_Agreement.pdf〕 at the conferring university without holding a professorial chair, and the qualification to be appointed as full professor.〔http://www.hbigs.uni-heidelberg.de/POengl.pdf〕 The title is not necessarily connected to a salaried position, but may entail a nominal obligation to teach at the conferring institution.
== Conferment ==
The title can be conferred by a university to an academic who has obtained a higher doctoral degree usually in the form of a habilitation. The holder of the title may be employed by a university as senior researcher or senior teaching faculty; however, the title as such is not a salaried appointment and the holder may seek a private appointment elsewhere. Depending on local regulations, the title holder might be required to teach, regardless of a remuneration agreement, in order to maintain the status as privatdozent at the conferring institution.〔https://www.jacobs-university.de/habilitation-policies〕 The holder ceases to be privatdozent if appointed professor.
Although rare, the title can be formally revoked ("''Remotion''") in case of serious misconduct or disagreements. For example, Eugen Dühring's permission to teach as privatdozent at the Humboldt University of Berlin was withdrawn in 1877 as a consequence of his sustained criticisms of the scientific practices of this institution. In Nazi Germany, most Jewish academics had their title removed under the Nuremberg Laws, in particular the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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