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In neoclassical microeconomic theory, profit is either of two related but distinct concepts. Economic profit is similar to accounting profit but smaller because it subtracts off the total opportunity costs (not just the explicit costs, but also the implicit costs) of a venture to an investor.〔(Economic Profit (Or Loss) Definition | Investopedia )〕 Normal profit refers to zero economic profit.〔Carbaugh, 2006. p.84.〕 A concept related to economic profit, and sometimes considered synonymous, is that of economic rent. In classical economics and Marxian economics, profit is the return to an owner of capital goods or natural resources in any productive pursuit involving labor, or a return on bonds and money invested in capital markets.〔(''Adam Smith Profit'' ) "In general, the classical economists made no serious attempts to explain the nature and source of profits until the 1820s, when they responded to socialist criticism of profit. Smith apparently accepted without question the legitimacy of profits as a payment to the capitalist for performing a socially useful function, namely, to provide labor with the necessities of life and with materials and machinery with which to work during the time-consuming production process."〕 By extension, in Marxian economic theory, the maximization of profit corresponds to the accumulation of capital, which is the driving force behind economic activity within the capitalist mode of production. Other types of profit have been referenced, including ''social profit'' (related to externalities). It is not to be confused with profit in finance and accounting, which is equal to revenue minus only explicit costs,〔 and superprofit, a concept in Marxian economic theory. Related concepts include profitability and the profit motive. == Normal profit == ''Normal'' profit is a component of (implicit) costs and not a component of business profit at all. It represents the opportunity cost, as the time that the owner spends running the firm could be spent on running a different firm. The enterprise component of normal profit is thus the profit that a business owner considers necessary to make running the business worth her or his while i.e. it is comparable to the next best amount the entrepreneur could earn doing another job.〔 Particularly if enterprise is not included as a factor of production, it can also be viewed a return to capital for investors including the entrepreneur, equivalent to the return the capital owner could have expected (in a safe investment), plus compensation for risk.〔Lipsey, 1975. p. 217.〕 In other words, the cost of normal profit varies both within and across industries; it is commensurate with the riskiness associated with each type of investment, as per the risk-return spectrum. Only normal profits arise in circumstances of perfect competition when long run economic equilibrium is reached; there is no incentive for firms to either enter or leave the industry.〔Lipsey, 1975. pp. 285–259.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Profit (economics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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