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Promyshlenniki
The ''promyshlenniki'' (compare the Russian промышленность (''promyshlennost), literally "a trade" or "business" or "industry") were Russian and indigenous Siberian contract workers drawn largely from the state serf and townsman class who engaged in the Siberian, maritime and later the Russian American fur trade.〔Fisher, Raymound H. (''The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700.'' ) Berkeley: University of California Press. 1943, pp. 29-30.〕 Initially the Russians in Russian America were Siberian fur hunters, although many later worked as sailors, carpenters, artisans and craftsmen. Promyshlenniki formed the backbone of Russian trading operations in Alaska. By the early 1820s, when the share system was abandoned and replaced by salaries, their status remained in name only; they became employees of the Russian-American Company and their duties and activities became increasingly less involved in the fur-gathering activities of the Company.
==Siberia==
After the Russian Conquest of Siberia, as a part of the regional fur trade, colonists began to exploit the vast populations of sables. The opportunities offered by this newly available luxury product drew many Russians eager to make a profit in the newly conquered Siberia. Service-men that arrived, rarely able to receive a stable salary from the state, nonetheless had certain legal rights and duties while nominally a servant to Tsar. Merchants began to visit the Russian settlements, interested in selling the gathered furs at various markets.〔 Promyshlenniki were free men who made their living any way they could. A minor group were sworn-men ('tseloval'niki', literally (or bible ) 'kissers'), agreeing to an oath in order to gain certain rights and duties. In practice the groups blended into each other and the distinction was most important when dealing with the government. When petitioning the tsar, a service-man would call himself 'your slave' and a promishlenik 'your orphan'. These people were often called cossacks, but only in the loose sense of being neither land-owners nor peasants.
As the Russian Empire expanded its bureaucratic network into Siberia, Russian colonists were able to placed under Imperial regulations. Fur operations ran by promyshlenniki were altered with the oversight by the officials, as they now had to "bring all his catch or his purchase to the town in proper season, submit his furs to the tsar's agents for sorting, appraisal, and taxation (usually, as we noted, 10 per cent). He must not trade with natives except in the town and then only in certain seasons; he must not ply natives with liquor; he must return his remaining furs to European Russia along approved routes and submit them to continual inspection."〔Foust, C. M. ''Russian Expansion to the East Through the Eighteenth Century.'' The Journal of Economic History 21, No. 4 (1961), pp. 469-482.〕 The fierce competition between promyshlenniki led to the overexploitation of sable populations, continually forcing them to go further east. With the decline of European demand for sable furs at the end of the 17th century, so did its price; making many promyshlenniki partake in caravans headed to the Qing Empire, or selling their furs the border town of Kyakhta.〔 Promyshlenniki began to gather sable pelts located in the Amur basin during the early 17th century.〔Maier, Lother. ''Gerhard Friedrich Müller's Memoranda on Russian Relations with China and the Reconquest of the Amur.'' The Slavonic and Eastern European Review 59, No. 2 (1981), pp. 219-240.〕 Trappers based out of Nerchinsk regularly crossed the Qing border into Outer Manchuria by the 1730s to pursue sable populations residing there. Russian officials were aware of these operations, but "tolerated any breach of the Russian-Chinese treaties which might occur."〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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