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Pronoia
The ''pronoia'' (plural ''pronoiai''; Greek: πρόνοια, meaning "care" or "forethought")〔"Economics in Late Byzantine World," from Foundation of the Hellenic World (http://www1.fhw.gr/chronos/10/en/o/oa/oa3.html )〕 was a system of granting dedicated streams of state income to individuals and institutions in the late Byzantine Empire. Beginning in the 11th century and continuing until the empire's conquest in the 15th century,〔"Economics in Late Byzantine World," from Foundation of the Hellenic World (http://www1.fhw.gr/chronos/10/en/o/oa/oa3.html )〕 the system differed in significant ways from European feudalism of the same period.
==The institution==
A ''pronoia'' was a grant that temporarily transferred imperial fiscal rights to an individual or institution. These rights were most commonly taxes or incomes from cultivated lands, but they could also be other income streams such as water and fishing rights, customs collection, etc. and the various rights to a specific piece of geography could be granted to separate individuals. Grants were for a set period, usually lifetime, and revokable at will by the Emperor. When institutions, usually monasteries, received grants they were effectively in perpetuity since the institutions were ongoing. Grants were not transferable or (except for certain excepts late in the institution) hereditary; a ''pronoia'' gave the grantee possession, not ownership, which remained Imperial.〔"Economics in Late Byzantine World," from Foundation of the Hellenic World (http://www1.fhw.gr/chronos/10/en/o/oa/oa3.html )〕
The limits and specifics of a ''pronoia'' was recorded in an Imperial document called ''praktika'' ("records"); holders of ''pronoia'' (the grantees, in other words) were called ''pronoiarios'', and those working the income stream in question (for instance, farmers on the land) were called ''paroikoi'' in the documents. The word ''pronoia'' could refer to the grant itself (land, for instance), its monetary value, or the income it produced.〔"Economics in Late Byzantine World," from Foundation of the Hellenic World (http://www1.fhw.gr/chronos/10/en/o/oa/oa3.html )〕
Although ''pronoia'' were often used to reward military service or other loyalties, they carried no specific military obligation (in contrast to feudal fiefs), although the threat of revocation provided coercive power or the state.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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