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Pronophilina is a Neotropical subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae. They are a species-rich group with highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical mountains, especially the Andes. Before 1970, they were poorly studied, but recent interest has resulted in high rates of species description from previously unexplored mountain ranges. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on their biology and ecology. Their relationship to other groups of Satyrine butterflies and their complex patterns of speciation within and among mountain ranges have led to several biogeographic discussions. ==Systematics and Taxonomy== Traditionally the name Pronophilini (or Pronophilidi) was used to describe a tribe of Neotropical Satyrines,〔〔L.D. Miller 1968 ''The higher classification, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera)'' Memories of the American Entomological Society 24: 1-174.〕 but modern arrangement place them as a subtribe within the Satyrini tribe of the Satyrinae.〔Lamas, G. 2004 Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. CheckList: Part 4A Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea Scientific Publishers.〕 The number of genera included in Pronophilina is disputed, since some genera were formally transferred to the Erebiina and Hypocystina (now part of Coenonymphina) subtribes,〔A.L Viloria 2007 ''The Pronophilini: Synopsis of their Biology and Systematics'' Tropical Lepidoptera 2004(15): 1–17.〕 〔A.L. Viloria 2007 ''Some Gondwanan and Laurasian elements in the satyrine fauna of South America (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)'' Tropical Lepidoptera (2004)15: 53-55.〕 but some authors rejects this arrangement.〔MA Marín , C. Peña , AVL Freitas , N. Wahlberg , and SI Uribe 2011 ''From the Phylogeny of the Satyrinae Butterflies to the Systematics of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): History, Progress and Prospects'' Neotropical Entomology 40: 1--13.〕 Morphological analysis indicates there is a distinct core group of Pronophilina ''sensu stricto'', and one or two additional groups (''Neotropical Erebiina and Hypocistina'' in their original designation),〔 but molecular analysis suggest they are each other's sister taxa and form a monophyletic group.〔C. Peña , N. Wahlberg , E. Weingartner , U. Kodandaramaiah , S. Nylin , A.V.L. Freitas , and A.V.Z. Brower 2006 ''Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 29–49.〕 By the time Reuter proposed Pronophilidi as a formal tribe, there were some 230 described species.〔 That number rose to 300 species by 1907, and 370 by 1970, primarily due to the work on museum and collection specimens by (in chronological order) William Chapman Hewitson, Cajetan Freiherr von Felder & Rudolf Felder, Arthur Gardiner Butler, Otto Staudinger, Theodor Otto Thieme and Gustav Weymer.〔 More detailed field studies in the northern Andes by Adams and Bernard during the 1970s and 1980s resulted in many new taxa descriptions and a better understanding of their distribution and ecology and lead to an increased interest in this group after the 1990s. More than 100 species have been described since 1970, mostly due to contribution from A.L. Viloria, T.W. Pyrcz and G. Lamas,〔 and it is estimated that the number of known taxa (including several yet unpublished species and subspecies descriptions) has nearly doubled in that period. 〔T.W. Pyrcz , H.F. Greeney , K.R. Willmott , and J. Wojtusiak 2011 ''A taxonomic revision of the genus Daedalma Hewitson with the descriptions of twenty new taxa and the immature stages of two species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)'' Zootaxa 2898: 1–68.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pronophilina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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