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Proprietary software
Proprietary software, non-free software (in the sense of missing freedoms), or closed-source software is software that fails to meet the criteria for free or open source software.〔(proprietary software is opposite of free software ). Linfo.org (2005-07-03). Retrieved on 2013-06-16.〕 Although definitions vary in scope, any software which places restrictions on usage, analysis, modification, or distribution (unchanged or modified) can be termed proprietary.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF) )〕〔 quoting Richard M. Stallman.〕
A related, but distinct categorization in the software industry is commercial software, which refers to software produced for sale, but without necessarily meaning it is closed-source.
== Software becoming proprietary ==
Until the late 1960s computers—huge and expensive mainframe machines in specially air-conditioned computer rooms—were usually supplied on a lease rather than purchase basis. Service and all software available were usually supplied by manufacturers without separate charge until 1969. Software source code was usually provided. Users who developed software often made it available, without charge. Customers who purchased expensive mainframe hardware did not pay separately for software.
In 1969, IBM, under threat of Antitrust litigation, led an industry change by starting to charge separately for (mainframe) software〔Pugh, Emerson W. ''Origins of Software Bundling.'' ''IEEE Annals of the History of Computing'', Vol. 24, No. 1 (Jan–Mar 2002): pp. 57–58.〕〔Hamilton, Thomas W., ''IBM's unbundling decision: Consequences for users and the industry'', Programming Sciences Corporation, 1969.〕 and services, and ceasing to supply source code.
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