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Prostopinije (meaning Plain Chant in Rusyn) is a type of monodic church chant, closely related to Znamenny Chant. Prostopinije is used in the Ruthenian Catholic Church and among the Carpatho-Russian Orthodox. The tradition of Prostopinije chant is used in the lands of Galicia, Volhyn and Ruthenia.〔(David Drillock. "LITURGICAL SONG IN THE WORSHIP OF THE CHURCH" ) in ISSN 0036-3227 VOLUME 41 NUMBERS 2-3, 1997 ST. VLADIMIR’S THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY pages 204-205]〕 The Prostopinije traces its roots to the Slavic traditions of Old Kievan chant and Bulgarian chant, both stemming from the ancient Byzantine chant tradition; however, it was also affected by the local folk Carpathian music.〔(Article about Prostopinije ) at patronagechurch.com. Published in the Byzantine Leaflet Series No. 23, November 1981, Byzantine Seminary Press, Pittsburgh, PA 15214〕 The Prostopinije chant is purely monodic, lacking ison or any other support, as well as folk choral polyphony.〔 Melodically, Prostopinije resembles Znamenny Chant, and is closely related to it historically,〔(Prostopinije ) at the page of Metropolitan Cantor Institute (www.metropolitancantorinstitute.org)〕 but is considerably richer with chromatic movements, reflecting its relative closeness to the Bulgarian branch of the Byzantine tradition. ==History== By the end of 18th century, the first attempt to systematize and write down the body of Prostopinije melodies was undertaken by the cantor John Juhasevich (1741–1814). In 1793, a ''Preparatory School for Cantors and Teachers'' was established in Uzhorod by Bishop Andrew Bachinskyj.〔 In the 19th century and earlier, in liturgical practice, the chanting was performed by the trained cantor soloist; however, by the end of 19th century, through the efforts of Father Andrew Popovich (1809–1898,Velika Kopanya, Ugocha district), the tradition was changed drastically,〔 and the whole congregation present in the church started to participate in the singing. This strong participation of lay people in the church singing was and still remains a relatively unique phenomenon among the similar chanting traditions.〔 In the beginning of 20th century, some efforts to unify the Subcarpathian chanting traditions were also undertaken under supervision of Bishop Julius Firczak of Mukačevo by father John Bokšai (or Bokshai, 1874–1940) and cantor Joseph Malinič, resulting in a publication of first manual〔(The Cerkovnoje Prostopinije (Church Plainchant) of Father John Bokšai and Cantor Joseph Malinič )〕 for the Carpathian Plain Chant,〔 which was published in Užhorod in 1906.〔 Unfortunately for the Prostopinije tradition, it was replaced by the polyphonic Russian Orthodox Church style of singing in many parishes both in Eastern Europe and in the USA. Following the union of some of the Rusin parishes with the Orthodox Church in America, inspired by father Alexis Toth, the Prostopinije was somewhat discriminated against, and was in some cases replaced by the Obikhod. A gradual return to this traditional singing is happening now, however, quite similar to processes of re-introduction of ancient chants in other churches and denominations.〔(Discussion on Prostopinije ) at the Byzantine Forum at byzcath.org〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prostopinije」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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