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Protaspididae : ウィキペディア英語版 | Protaspididae
Protaspididae is an extinct family of pteraspidid heterostracan agnathans. Fossils of the various genera are found in early Devonian-aged marine strata. Protaspidids were once thought to represent a transitional form between the Pteraspididae and the Psammosteida, bearing the broad head shield shape of the latter, due to a more benthic (bottom-dwelling) existence, but recent phylogenical comparisons demonstrate that the protaspidids are actually highly derived pteraspidids,〔Pernegre, Vincent N., and David K. Elliott. "Phylogeny of the Pteraspidiformes (Heterostraci), Silurian–Devonian jawless vertebrates." Zoologica Scripta 37.4 (2008): 391-403.〕 and that the anchipteraspidids, the most primitive of pteraspidids, are the sister-group of the Psammosteids. ==Genera== Many genera are found in Lower Devonian marine deposits of the United States, especially of Utah and Wyoming. Others are found in Lower Devonian marine strata of Europe, especially of Svalbard, Norway, and Podolia, Ukraine.〔Blieck, Alain. "Les hétérostracés Ptéraspidiformes, agnathes du Silurien-Dévonien du continent Nord-Atlantique et des blocs avoisinants: Révision systématique, phylogénie, biostratigraphie, biogéographie." (1984).〕
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