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Protocalliphora
''Protocalliphora'' or bird blowflies are a blow fly genus containing many species which are obligate parasites of birds.〔Sabrosky, C. W., Bennett G. F., Whitworth T. L. 1989. ''Bird blow-flies (Protocalliphora) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in North America with Notes on the Palearctic Species.'' Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.〕 Eggs are laid in bird nests. After hatching, the larvae suck the blood of nestlings. They sometimes feed inside the nostrils of nestling birds and destroy the tissue at the base leading to reduced growth of the upper mandible and the young growing with "shovel-beaks".〔H. Elliott McClure (1962) Ten Years and 10,000 Birds (Concluded). Bird-Banding 33(2):69-84〕 The species overwinter as adults.〔Stiner, Frederic M. 1969. "Overwintering by ''Protocalliphora metallica'' (Diptera: Calliphoridae)". ''Annals of the Entomological Society of America'', Vol. 62(5), 15 September 1969, pp. 1205-1206.〕
The genus is affected by ''Wolbachia'' bacteria and it has been suggested that horizontal gene transfer may have led to the difficulty in separating species of ''Protocalliphora'' through DNA fingerprinting, with several species possessing identical mtDNA Cytochrome oxidase I sequences.〔T.L. Whitworth, R.D. Dawson, H. Magalon, E. Baudry 2007. DNA barcoding cannot reliably identify species of the blowfly genus ''Protocalliphora'' (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274(1619):1731-1739 ()〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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