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Proto-Germanic (PGmc; German ''ドイツ語:Urgermanisch''; also called Common Germanic, German ''ドイツ語:Gemeingermanisch'') is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Proto-Germanic developed into three branches during the first half of the 1st millennium AD: West Germanic, East Germanic and North Germanic, which however remained in contact over a considerable time, especially the North Sea Germanic group (including English), which arose from West Germanic dialects which remained in continued contact with North Germanic. A defining feature of Proto-Germanic is the completion of the First Germanic Sound Shift. As it is probable that the development of this sound shift spanned a considerable time (several centuries), Proto-Germanic cannot adequately be reconstructed as a simple node in a tree model but rather represents a phase of development that may span close to a thousand years. The end of the Common Germanic period is reached with the beginning of the Germanic migrations in the 4th century AD. The alternative term Germanic Parent Language may be used to include a larger scope of linguistic developments, spanning the Nordic Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age (2nd to 1st millennia BC) to include "Pre-Germanic" (PreGmc), "Early Proto Germanic" (EPGmc) and "Late Proto-Germanic" (LPGmc).〔See e.g. 〕 The Proto-Germanic language is not directly attested by any coherent surviving texts; it has been reconstructed using the comparative method. Fragmentary direct attestation exists of (late) Common Germanic in early runic inscriptions (specifically the 2nd-century Vimose inscriptions and the 2nd-century BC Negau helmet inscription), and in Roman Empire era transcriptions of individual words (notably in Tacitus' ''Germania'', c. AD 90〔this includes common nouns such as ''framea'' "spear, javelin", mythological characters such as ''Mannus'' and tribal names such as ''Ingaevones''〕). ==Evolution of Proto-Germanic== The evolution of Proto-Germanic began with the development of a separate common way of speech among some geographically nearby speakers of a prior language, and ended with the dispersion of the proto-language speakers into distinct populations with mostly independent speech habits. Between those two points many sound changes occurred. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Proto-Germanic language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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