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Protopone
''Protopone'' is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described from fossils found in Europe and Asia. There are seven described species placed into the genus, ''Protopone? dubia'', ''Protopone germanica'', ''Protopone magna'', ''Protopone oculata'', ''Protopone primigena'', ''Protopone sepulta'', and ''Protopone vetula''. ''Protopone'' is one several Lutetian Ponerinae genera.
== History and classification ==
When first described, ''Protopone'' was known from a single fossil insect included in a transparent chunk of Sakhalin amber. When the fossil was described it was part of the amber collections housed in the Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. The amber was recovered from fossil bearing rocks in the Sakhalin region of Eastern Russia. At the time of description, the amber was estimated to date from the Paleocene. Further research has revised the amber, which originates from the Lower Due Formation, to be of Middle Eocene age. The amber fossil was first studied by paleoentomologist Gennady Dlussky of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with his 1988 type description for the species was published in ''Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal''. In 2012 an additional six species were identified from compression-impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock.〔 Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the ''Protopone'' specimens were collected from layers of Lutetian Messel Formation rock in the Messel pit World Heritage Site. The Messel formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.
At the time of description, the holotype specimens for the six Messel species were preserved in the Senckenberg Research Station Messel fossil collections. The fossils were first described by Gennady Dlussky and Sonja Wedmann in a paper on the poneromorph ants of Messel. In the type description, Dlussky and Wedmann named the species ''P. ? dubia'', ''P. germanica'', ''P. magna'', ''P. oculata'', ''P. sepulta'', and ''P. vetula.〔
''Protopone'' is one of five extinct genera from three subfamilies which have species described from Messel Formation fossils by Dlussky and Wedmann in 2012. Three of the other genera ''Cephalopone'', ''Cyrtopone'', and ''Messelepone'' are also placed in Ponerinae. The genus ''Casaleia'' is placed in Amblyoponinae, while the last genus ''Pseudectatomma'' is in Ectatomminae.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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