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Protopteryx
''Protopteryx'' is an extinct genus of bird and the most primitive enantiornithine, from the Cretaceous period.〔Zhou, Zhonghe. (2002). "A new and primitive enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of China." ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'', 22(1): 49-57.〕 The type species is ''P. fengningensis''. It was first discovered in the Sichakou Member of the Yixian Formation of Hebei Province, northern China, dating from 131 Ma ago.〔O'Connor, J.K., Zhou Z. and Zhang F. (In press). "A reappraisal of ''Boluochia zhengi'' (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." ''Journal of Systematic Palaeontology'', (published online before print 16 December 2010). 〕 ''Protopteryx ''has been found in the Daibeigou formation, as well.〔Zhiheng Li, Zhonghe Zhou, Min Wang, Julia A. Clarke, (2014). "A New Specimen of Large-Bodied Basal Enantiornithine ''Bohaiornis'' from the Early Cretaceous of China and the Inference of Feeding Ecology in Mesozoic Birds." ''Journal of Paleontology'', 88: 99-108.〕 The name ''Protopteryx'' means "primitive feather":〔A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. ()〕 "proto-" meaning "the first of" and "-pteryx" meaning "feather" or "wing." The name comes from the fact that ''Protopteryx'' feathers have features of modern ones as well as of reptilian scales, such as the two elongated tail feathers that lack barbs and rami.〔Zhou, Zhonghe, and Fucheng Zhang. "Origin of feathers–perspectives from fossil evidence." Science Progress 84, no. 2 (2001): 87-104.〕
== Description ==
''Protopteryx'' fossils show that they were roughly the same as a today's starling.〔 The adult body length of the ''Protopteryx'' was about , excluding the tail feathers. ''Protopteryx'' teeth were conical and unserrated, and some teeth had a resorption pit similar to those seen in ''Archaeopteryx''. The body of the ''Protopteryx'' was covered in three types of feathers: down feathers, flight feathers, and long, ribbon-like tail feathers. The body was mostly covered in feathers of about . The barbs of the down feathers were laminar instead of hairlike and were frayed at the tips. The most distinctive feature of the ''Protopteryx'' is that the tail consisted of two long feathers which only had barbs at their tips. Closer to the body, the long tail feathers were thin and needle-like. The only modern birds to share a feather type similar to the ''Protopteryx'' is the red bird-of-paradise. The tail feathers also lack rami on the proximal end of the tail.〔"A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou". ''Science '' 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. ()〕
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