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''Agaricus'' is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide.〔Bas C. (1991). A short introduction to the ecology, taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus ''Agaricus'', 21–24. In L.J.L.D. Van Griensven (ed.), ''Genetics and breeding of ''Agaricus. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands.〕〔Capelli A. (1984). ''Agaricus''. L.: Fr. (Psalliota Fr.). ''Liberia editrice Bella Giovanna'', Saronno, Italy〕 The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (''Agaricus bisporus'') and the field mushroom (''Agaricus campestris''), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West. Members of ''Agaricus'' are characterized by having a fleshy cap or pileus, from the underside of which grow a number of radiating plates or gills on which are produced the naked spores. They are distinguished from other members of their family, Agaricaceae, by their chocolate-brown spores. Members of ''Agaricus'' also have a stem or stipe, which elevates it above the object on which the mushroom grows, or substrate, and a partial veil, which protects the developing gills and later forms a ring or annulus on the stalk. ==Taxonomy== For many years, members of the genus ''Agaricus'' were given the generic name ''Psalliota'', and this can still be seen in older books on mushrooms. All proposals to conserve ''Agaricus'' against ''Psalliota'' or vice versa have so far been considered superfluous. Several origins of ''Agaricus'' have been proposed. It possibly originates from ancient Sarmatia Europaea, where people Agari, promontory Agarum and a river Agarus were known (all located on the northern shore of Sea of Azov, probably, near modern Berdiansk in Ukraine).〔〔〔 Note also Greek 〔Letter is script and looks like a Russian и.〕 όν, "a sort of tree fungus" (There has been an ''Agaricon'' Adans. genus, treated by Donk in ''Persoonia'' 1:180.) Donk reports Linnaeus' name is devalidated (so the proper author citation apparently is "L. ''per'' Fr., 1821") because ''Agaricus'' was not linked to Tournefort's name. Linnaeus places both ''Agaricus'' Dill. and ''Amanita'' Dill. in synonymy, but truly a replacement for ''Amanita'' Dill., which would require ''A. quercinus'', not ''A. campestris'' be the type. This question is compounded because Fries himself used ''Agaricus'' roughly in Linnaeus' sense (which leads to issues with ''Amanita''), and ''A. campestris'' was eventually excluded from ''Agaricus'' by Karsten and was apparently in ''Lepiota'' at the time Donk wrote this, commenting that a type conservation might become necessary. The alternate name for the genus, ''Psalliota'', derived from the Greek ''psalion''/ψάλιον, "ring", was first published by Fries (1821) as trib. ''Psalliota''. The type is ''Agaricus campestris'' (widely accepted, except by Earle, who proposed ''A. cretaceus''). Paul Kummer (not Quélet, who merely excluded Stropharia) was the first to elevate the tribe to a genus. ''Psalliota'' was the tribe containing the type of ''Agaricus'', so when separated, it should have caused the rest of the genus to be renamed, but this is not what happened.〔Donk, M.A. (1962). "The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae". Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia 5: 1–320. ISSN 0078-2238〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Agaricus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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