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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Pseudo-athlete ： ウィキペディア英語版 Pseudo-athlete Pseudo-athlete is a concept in Roman portraiture, favored in the late Republican Period, to describe a sculpture that has a combination of a veristic head and an idealized body. Verism shows the person portrayed without idealizing features, with warts, wrinkles, and other physical defects and deformities. It translates to mean "warts and all."〔Smith, R. R. R.. (1981). (Greeks, Foreigners, and Roman Republican Portraits ). The Journal of Roman Studies, 71, 24–38.〕 Verism goes beyond a realistic rendering. There was a positive value of age and experience in Rome, so it manipulates the facial expression in an attempt to convey the stern traditional Roman values. One of the potential origins of the veristic style is from Roman funeral masks. The masks were used to give an impersonation of the deceased at the Roman Forum. Therefore, it was critical that the masks reproduced the appearance of the deceased and portrayed all of their features. The public funerals were to portray the character of the deceased, so artists were encouraged to make the masks as expressive as possible using the traditionally prized Roman values: stern moral seriousness (''gravitas''), firmness and strictness of judgement (''severitas''), determination and self-possession (''constantia''), and so on.〔Hallett, C. (2005). The Roman Nude: Heroic Portrait Statuary 200 B.C.-A.D. 300. Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕 While the origin of verism is highly debated as to whether it was from Italic, Etruscan, Roman, Egyptian, or Greek influence, the purpose for realistic, unidealized rendering was specific. The signs of age were used as indicators of wisdom and authority.〔Gisela M. A. Richter. (1955). (The Origin of Verism in Roman Portraits ). The Journal of Roman Studies, 45, 39–46.〕 The body remains idealized due to Greek influence. In Greek sculpture there is a concept of heroic nudity. It is used to indicate that a sculpture's apparently mortal human subject is in fact a hero or semi-divine being.〔Kleiner, F. (2010). Portraiture. In A History of Roman Art (Enhanced ed., pp. 54-56). Cengage Learning.〕 == Roman examples == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pseudo-athlete」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.