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Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, created by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and stemming partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others.〔Gay, Peter. ''Freud: A Life for Our Time''. Papermac, 1995, pp. xv, 32.〕 Over time, psychoanalysis has been revised and developed in different directions. Some of Freud's colleagues and students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung, went on to develop their own ideas independently. Freud insisted on retaining the term ''psychoanalysis'' for his school of thought, and Adler and Jung accepted this.〔Mitchell, Juliet. ''Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis''. Penguin Books, 2000, p. 341.〕 The Neo-Freudians included Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack Sullivan. The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include: # a person's development is determined by often forgotten events in early childhood rather than by inherited traits alone. # human attitude, mannerism, experience, and thought is largely influenced by irrational drives that are rooted in the unconscious # it is necessary to bypass psychological resistance in the form of defense mechanisms when bringing drives into awareness # conflicts between the conscious and the unconscious, or with repressed material can materialize in the form of mental or emotional disturbances, for example: neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety, depression etc. # liberating the elements of the unconscious is achieved through bringing this material into the conscious mind (via e.g. skilled guidance, i.e. therapeutic intervention).〔Erich Fromm (1992:13–14) The Revision of Psychoanalysis〕 Under the broad umbrella of psychoanalysis there are at least 22 theoretical orientations regarding human mental development. The various approaches in treatment called "psychoanalysis" vary as much as the theories do. The term also refers to a method of analysing child development. Freudian psychoanalysis refers to a specific type of treatment in which the "analysand" (analytic patient) verbally expresses his or her thoughts, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst infers the unconscious conflicts causing the patient's symptoms and character problems, and interprets them for the patient to create insight for resolution of the problems. The analyst confronts and clarifies the patient's pathological defenses, wishes and guilt. Through the analysis of conflicts, including those contributing to resistance and those involving transference onto the analyst of distorted reactions, psychoanalytic treatment can hypothesize how patients unconsciously are their own worst enemies: how unconscious, symbolic reactions that have been stimulated by experience are causing symptoms. Freudian psychoanalysis relies on the concept that it is only after having a cathartic (e.g. healing) experience can a person be "cured" and aided.〔Psychoanalysis | Simply Psychology. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2015, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/psychoanalysis.html〕 Psychoanalysis has received criticism from a wide variety of sources. It is regarded by some critics as a pseudoscience. Nonetheless, it remains a strong influence within the realm of psychiatry, and more so in some quarters than others.〔Sadock, Benjamin J. and Sadock, Virginia A. ''Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry''. 10th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007, p. 190. *Michels, Robert. ("Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship" ), American Mental Health Foundation.〕 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Psychoanalysis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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