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Puankhequa (), also known as Pan Wenyan or Zhencheng,〔In documents relating to the Swedish East India Company, his name is spelled Poankeyqua or Phuankhequa I. In sources the spelling of his name varies as: Poankeyqua, Poan Key-qua, Pon-key-qua, Pankeequa, Pan Qiguan, Pan Chencheng, Pan Ki-Kvan, Ketqua or Khequa.〕 (171410January 1788) was a Chinese merchant and member of a cohong family, which traded with the Europeans in Canton (now known as Guangzhou) during the Qing dynasty (1611–1912). He owned a factory in the Thirteen Factories district where his firm was favored by the English, Swedes, "Imperials"〔Traders under the Imperial East India Company established by British and other privateers with a charter from the Holy Roman Emperor.〕 and Danes. ==Biography== Puankhequa's family originated from a poor fishing village near Changchow (now known as Zhangzhou),〔 but Puankhequa's father P'u-chai had relocated them to Canton. Puankhequa had seven sons, two of whom were engaged in trade and providing market intelligence about tea and silk for the Canton firm from other parts of China and Japan. A third son, Chih-hsiang, would later succeed his father as head of the firm in Canton, thus inheriting his father's trading name and becoming Puankhequa II. Growing up, Puankhequa would travel on junks in Southeast Asia, even as far as Manila.〔 According to Liang Chia-pin and Louise Dermigny, Puankhequa was in the Canton trade by the late 1730s, and in 1735–36 was probably only an employee of mandarin Quiqua in the ''Qouycong Hong'', and not especially wealthy. By the 1750s, Puankhequa was a leading merchant; although his name twice appeared last in official lists of the six monopolists with whom foreigners could trade in 1755, the deaths of a number of the senior merchants in 1756–61 gave him the opportunity to flourish. As a young man he had learned some Spanish and English, which facilitated trading with the Europeans.〔 His ability to deliver goods and his skills in creating special, long-term relationships with foreigners and officials attracted and retained the custom of foreign traders, which contributed to his success. In a portrait of Puankhequa in the Museum of Gothenburg, he carries the attributes of a wealthy mandarin: hat-pin, necklace and the mandarin square on his surcoat. According to professor Jan Wirgin〔Professor Jan Wirgin was director for the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm.〕 it is a "...robe of a third rank mandarin, with a sapphire hat-pin in his hat. He achieved this rank around 1780." He had bought a title and was raised to the third class of the mandarinate for his contributions to a military campaign. Puankhequa enjoyed trading and spent most of his waking time doing business. He lived in a mansion, "Chiu-lung" (named after the Jiulong River of his ancestral city), on the south bank of the Pearl River near Honam Island (the modern day Haizhu District of Guangzhou). To save as much time as possible for business, he ate on the boat taking him to and from work. In promoting his business, he had no scruples when it came to manipulating officials or bribing the "Hoppo"〔The Guangdong Customs Supervisor (''Yuèhǎi guānbù jiàn dù'', 粵海关部监督), was informally known as the "Hoppo".〕 and passing the costs on to the Europeans. Puankhequa died on 10January 1788, and was interred in the foothills of Fu-t'ing near his country seat in Ch'uanchow. Most of the ''hong'' firms established before 1790 had failed by 1798, except that of Puankhequa II, who had succeeded his father as head of the firm. By then it was the most prosperous house and Puankhequa II was the wealthiest merchant in Canton. A year later, the European companies had all gone except for the Swedes (who left in 1831) and the Spaniards (who left in 1834). Puankhequa II retained the Swedes as clients until the Swedish East India Company folded in 1813. When the Hong merchants were disestablished in 1834, his firm was still active and by then the longest-surviving firm in the history of the merchants. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Puankhequa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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