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Pumapunku or Puma Punku (Aymara and Quechua ''puma'' cougar, puma, ''punku'' door, hispanicized ''Puma Puncu'') is part of a large temple complex or monument group that is part of the Tiwanaku Site near Tiwanaku, Bolivia. Tiwanaku is significant in Inca traditions because it is believed to be the site where the world was created. In Aymara, Puma Punku's name means "The Door of the Puma". The Pumapunku complex consists of an unwalled western court, a central unwalled esplanade, a terraced platform mound that is faced with stone, and a walled eastern court.〔Vranich, A., 1999, (''Interpreting the Meaning of Ritual Spaces: The Temple Complex of Pumapunku, Tiwanaku, Bolivia.'' ) Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Pennsylvania.〕〔Vranich, A., 2006, ''The Construction and Reconstruction of Ritual Space at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: A.D. 500-1000.'' Journal of Field Archaeology 31(2): 121–136.〕 The Pumapunku is a terraced earthen mound that is faced with blocks. It is wide along its north-south axis and long along its east-west axis. On the northeast and southeast corners of the Pumapunku it has wide projections that extend north and south from the rectangular mound. The eastern edge of the Pumapunku is occupied by what is called the "''Plataforma Lítica''". The ''Plataforma Lítica'' consists of a stone terrace that is in dimension. This terrace is paved with multiple, enormous stone blocks. It contains the largest stone slab found in both the Pumapunku and Tiwanaku Site, measuring long, wide and averages thick. Based upon the specific gravity of the red sandstone from which it was carved, this stone slab has been estimated to weigh 131 metric tons.〔Ponce Sanginés, C. and G. M. Terrazas, 1970, ''Acerca De La Procedencia Del Material Lítico De Los Monumentos De Tiwanaku.'' Publication no. 21. ''Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia''.〕 The other stonework and facing of the Pumapunku consists of a mixture of andesite and red sandstone. The core of the Pumapunku consists of clay. The fill underlying selected parts of the edge of the Pumapunku consists of river sand and cobbles instead of clay. Excavations at the Pumapunku have documented "three major building epochs, in addition to small repairs and remodeling".〔〔〔〔〔Protzen, J.-P., and S.E.. Nair, 2000, ''On Reconstructing Tiwanaku Architecture:'' The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 358-371.〕 At its peak, Pumapunku is thought to have been "unimaginably wondrous,"〔 adorned with polished metal plaques, brightly colored ceramic and fabric ornamentation, trafficked by costumed citizens, elaborately dressed priests and elites decked in exotic jewelry. Current understanding of this complex is limited due to its age, the lack of a written record, the current deteriorated state of the structures due to treasure hunting, looting, stone mining for building stone and railroad ballast, and natural weathering.〔〔〔 The area within the kilometer separating the Pumapunku and Kalasasaya complexes has been surveyed using ground-penetrating radar, magnetometry, induced electrical conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility. The geophysical data collected from these surveys and excavations have revealed in the area between the Pumapunku and Kalasasaya complexes the presence of numerous man-made structures. These structures include the wall foundations of buildings and compounds, water conduits, pool-like features, revetments, terraces, residential compounds, and widespread gravel pavements all of which now lie buried and hidden beneath the modern ground’s surface.〔Ernenweini, E. G., and M. L. Konns, 2007, ''Subsurface Imaging in Tiwanaku’s Monumental Core.'' Technology and Archaeology Workshop. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C.〕〔Williams, P. R., N. C. Couture and D. Blom, 2007 ''Urban Structure at Tiwanaku: Geophysical Investigations in the Andean Altiplano.'' In J. Wiseman and F. El-Baz, eds., pp. 423-441. Remote Sensing in Archaeology. Springer , New York.〕 == Age == Determining the age of the Pumapunku complex has been a focus of researchers since the discovery of the Tiwanaku site. As noted by Andean specialist, Binghamton University Anthropology professor W. H. Isbell,〔 a radiocarbon date was obtained by Vranich〔 from organic material from the lowermost and oldest layer of mound-fill forming the Pumapunku. This layer was deposited during the first of three construction epochs and dates the initial construction of the Pumapunku to 536–600 AD (1510 ±25 B.P. C14, calibrated date). Since the radiocarbon date came from the lowermost and oldest layer of mound-fill underlying the andesite and sandstone stonework, the stonework must have been constructed sometime after 536–600 AD. The excavation trenches of Vranich show that the clay, sand, and gravel fill of the Pumapunku complex lie directly on the sterile middle Pleistocene sediments. These excavation trenches also demonstrated the lack of any pre-Andean Middle Horizon cultural deposits within the area of the Tiwanaku Site adjacent to the Pumapunku complex.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pumapunku」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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