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The Punics (from Latin ''pūnicus'', pl. ''pūnici'') are usually known as Carthaginians, and were a people from Ancient Carthage in modern-day Tunisia, North Africa, who traced their origins to Phoenicians and North African Berbers. Punic is the English adjective derived from the Latin adjective punicus to describe anything Carthaginian.〔https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/punicus〕 Unlike their Phoenician ancestors, Carthaginians had a landowning aristocracy who established a rule of the hinterland in Northern Africa and trans-Saharan trade routes. In later times one of these clans established a Hellenistic-inspired empire in Iberia, possibly having a foothold in western Gaul. Like other Phoenician people, their urbanized culture and economy were strongly linked to the sea. Overseas they established control over some coastal regions of Berber North Africa like modern-day Tunisia and Libya, of Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, the Balearic Islands, Malta, other small islands of the western Mediterranean and possibly along the Atlantic coast of Iberia. In the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily they had strong economic and political ties to the independent natives in the hinterland. Their naval presence and trade extended throughout the Mediterranean and beyond to the British Isles, the Canaries, and West Africa.〔(The Phoenicians ) retrieved 12 October 2009〕 Technical achievements of the Punic people of Carthage include the development of uncolored glass and the use of lacustrine limestone to improve the purity of molten iron. Most of the Punic culture was destroyed as a result of the Punic Wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC,〔Chris Scarre, "The Wars with Carthage", ''The Manawy Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome'' (London: Penguin Books, 1995), 24–25.〕 while traces of language, religion and technology could still be found in Africa during the early Christianisation, 325 to 650 AD. After the Punic Wars, Romans used the term ''Punic'' as an adjective meaning ''treacherous''. In archaeological and linguistic usage ''Punic'' refers to a Hellenistic and later-era culture and dialect from Carthage that had developed into a distinct form from the Phoenician of the mother city of Tyre. Phoenicians also settled in Northwest Africa (the Maghreb) and other areas under Carthaginian rule and their culture and political organisation were a distinct form. Remains of the Punic culture can be found in settlements from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to Cyprus in the East. ==814 BC to 146 BC== The Punic religion was based on that of their Phoenician forefathers, who worshiped Baal-hamon and Melqart, but merged Phoenician ideas with Numidian and some Greek and Egyptian deities, such as Apollo, Tanit and Dionysus, with Baal-hamon being clearly the most important Punic god.〔Sabatino Moscati, ''The Phoenicians'', 2001, I. B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-85043-533-4〕 Punic culture became a melting pot, since Carthage was a big trading port, but the Carthaginians retained some of their old cultural identities and practices, such as child sacrifice. This was not outside of regional norms, as many cultures of the time made human sacrifices, including the Greeks, Celts, and Romans. The Carthaginians carried out significant sea explorations around Africa and elsewhere from their base in Carthage. In the fifth century BC Hanno the Navigator played a significant role in exploring coastal areas of present-day Morocco and other parts of the African coast, specifically noting details of indigenous peoples such as at Mogador.〔Hanno, ‘'Periplus of Hanno'', 5th century BC, Carthage〕〔C.Michael Hogan, ''Mogador: promontory fort'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham, Nov. 2, 2007 ()〕 Carthaginians pushed westerly into the Atlantic and established important settlements in Lixus, Volubilis, Chellah and Mogador, among other locations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Punics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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