|
(, Sanskrit पुरुषार्थ) literally means an "object of human pursuit".〔(puruSArtha ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 It is a key concept in Hinduism, and refers to the four proper goals or aims of a human life. The four ''puruṣārthas'' are Dharma (righteousness, moral values), Artha (prosperity, economic values), Kāma (pleasure, love, psychological values) and Mokṣa (liberation, spiritual values).〔, ; Cf. also ; 〕〔M Hiriyanna (2000), Philosophy of Values, in Indian Philosophy: Theory of value (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, ISBN 978-0815336129, pages 1-10〕 All four ''Purusarthas'' are important, but in cases of conflict, ''Dharma'' is considered more important than ''Artha'' or ''Kama'' in Hindu philosophy.〔〔 ''Moksha'' is considered the ultimate ideal of human life.〔Alban Widgery (1930), (The Principles of Hindu Ethics ), International Journal of Ethics, 40(2): 239-240〕 Historical Indian scholars recognized and debated the inherent tension between active pursuit of wealth (Artha purusartha) and pleasure (Kama), and renunciation of all wealth and pleasure for the sake of spiritual liberation (Moksha). They proposed "action with renunciation" or "craving-free, dharma-driven action", also called ''Nishkam Karma'' as a possible solution to the tension.〔〔 ==Etymology== ''Puruṣartha'' (पुरुषार्थ) is a composite Sanskrit word from ''Purusha'' (पुरुष) and ''Artha'' (अर्थ). ''Purusha'' mean "human being", "soul" as well as "universal principle and soul of the universe".〔(puruSa ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 ''Artha'' in one context means "purpose", "object of desire" and "meaning".〔(artha ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 Together, ''Purusartha'' literally means "purpose of human being" or "object of human pursuit".〔〔R Prasad (2008), A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, ISBN 978-8180695445, page 125〕 Alf Hiltebeitel translates ''Purusartha'' as "Goals of Man".〔 Prasad clarifies that "Man" includes both man and woman in ancient and medieval Indian texts.〔 Olivelle translates it as the "aims of human life". Purusartha is also referred to as ''Caturvarga''.〔Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (2004), The Hindu World, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-21527-7, page 4, Quote: “There are four categories or life-ideals (caturvarga or purusartha) that usually are said to provide the framework for classical Hindu society”.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Puruṣārtha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|