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is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation".〔(Mimamsa ) Meriam-Webster Dictionary (2011)〕〔(Mimamsa ) Encyclopedia Britannica (2014)〕 It is also the name of one of six orthodox (astika) schools of Hinduism. The school is known for its philosophical theories on the nature of dharma, based on hermeneutics of the Vedas.〔 The school was influential and foundational to the vedāntic schools of Hinduism, with the difference that the Mīmāṃsā school (also known as ''Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā'' or ''Karma-Mīmāṃsā''〔Chris Bartley (2013), Purva Mimamsa, in ''Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy'' (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge, 978-0415862530, page 443-445〕) developed and emphasized ''karma-kāṇḍa'' (study of ritual actions, early four Vedas), while the Vedānta schools (also known as ''Uttara-Mīmāṃsā'') developed and emphasized ''jñana-kāṇḍa'' (study of knowledge and spirituality, later parts of Vedas, like the Upaniṣads).〔Oliver Leaman (2006), Shruti, in ''Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy'', Routledge, ISBN 978-0415862530, page 503〕 Mīmāṃsā has several sub-schools, each defined by its epistemology. The Prābhākara sub-school (from Prabhākara Miśra) considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge - ''Pratyakṣa'' (perception), ''Anumāna'' (inference), ''Upamāna'' (comparison and analogy), ''Arthāpatti'' (postulation, derivation from circumstances), and ''Śabda'' (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).〔〔 The Bhāṭṭa sub-school (from Kumārila Bhaṭṭa) added a sixth to its canon of reliable epistemology - ''Anupalabdhi'' (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof).〔〔John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791430675, page 238〕 The school of Mīmāṃsā consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is an eternal, omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of ''dharma''.〔 To them, ''dharma'' meant rituals and social duties, not ''devas'' (gods) because gods existed only in name.〔 The Mīmāṃsakas held that Vedas are "eternal authorless infallible", that Vedic ''vidhi'' (injunctions) and mantras in rituals are prescriptive ''kārya'' (actions), and the rituals are of primary importance and merit. They considered the Upaniṣads (later portions of Vedas) and other self-knowledge, spirituality-related texts as subsidiary, a philosophical view that Vedānta school of Hinduism disagreed with.〔〔 Mīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language.〔Peter M. Scharf, ''The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy'' (1996), Chapter 3〕 While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools of Hinduism,〔Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus (2011), Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism, Walter de Gruyter GmbH (Berlin), ISBN 978-3110181593, pages 23-24, 551-663〕 their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsakas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly ''prescribe'' the proper, correct and right. In contrast, Vedāntins extended the scope and value of language as a tool to also ''describe'', ''develop'' and ''derive''.〔 Mīmāṃsakas considered orderly, law driven, procedural life as central purpose and noblest necessity of dharma and society, and divine (theistic) sustenance means to that end. The Mīmāṃsā school of Hinduism is a form of realism.〔M. Hiriyanna (1993), Outlines of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120810860, page 323-325〕 A key text of the Mīmāṃsā school is the Mīmāṃsā Sūtra of Jaimini.〔〔M. Hiriyanna (1993), Outlines of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120810860, page 298-335〕 ==Terminology== Mīmāṃsā ((サンスクリット:मीमांसा), also spelled Mimamsa) means "reflection, consideration, profound thought, investigation, examination, discussion" in Sanskrit.〔(Mimamsa ), Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (Germany)〕 It also refers to the "examination of the Vedic text"〔 and to a school of Hindu philosophy that is also known as ("prior" inquiry, also ), in contrast to ("posterior" inquiry, also ) – the opposing school of Vedanta. This division is based on classification of the Vedic texts into ', the early sections of the Veda treating of mantras and rituals (Samhitas and Brahmanas), and the ' dealing with the meditation, reflection and knowledge of Self, Oneness, Brahman (the Upanishads).〔〔 Between the ''Samhitas'' and ''Brahmanas'', the Mimamsa school places greater emphasis to the Brahmanas - the part of Vedas that is a commentary on Vedic rituals.〔M. Hiriyanna (1993), Outlines of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120810860, page 299〕 is generally considered as part of Vedānta school of Hinduism, while the term Mīmāṃsā school generally denotes . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mīmāṃsā」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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