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The Fourteen Purvas, translated as ancient or prior knowledge, are a large body of Jain scriptures that was preached by all Tirthankaras (omniscient teachers) of Jainism encompassing the entire gamut of knowledge available in this universe. The persons having the knowledge of purvas were given an exalted status of srutakevali or “scripturally omniscient persons”. Both the Jain traditions, Svetambara and Digambara hold that all the fourteen purvas have been lost.〔Jaini, Padmanabh (1998). The Jaina Path of Purification. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1578-5.〕 According to tradition, the Purvas were part of canonical literature and deposited in the third section of Drstivada (the twelfth and last canon). Knowledge of Purvas became fairly vulnerable after Lord Mahaviras nirvana (liberation) on account of effects of famine, such that, eventually only one person – Bhadrabahu Svami had a command over it. In accordance with the prophecy of Mahavira, the knowledge of Purvas died within 1,000 years of his nirvana and eventually, the whole of Drstivada disappeared as well.(Bhagvati Sutra 20.8)〔Dundas, Paul; John Hinnels ed. (2002). The Jains. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26606-8 p.68〕 However, a detailed table of contents of the Drstivada and the Purvas has survived in the fourth Anga, Samavāyānga and Nandīsūtra. Furthermore, certain portions of Drstivada and Purvas is said to have survived in Satkhandāgama and Kasāyaprabhrta, especially the doctrine of Karma. ==Subject matter of Purvas== Following were the fourteen Purvas containing various descriptions and details : #Utpaad Pūrva – Living (Jiv), non-living (Ajiv), and its modes (Paryäya); #Agrayaniya Purva – Nine realities (Navtattva), six substances (Shad-dravya), etc.; #Viryapravada Purva – Relating to energy of soul, non-living, etc.; #Asti Nasti Pravada Purva – Multiplicity of views (Anekāntvād), Saptabhangi, etc.; #Jnana Prāvada Pūrva – Five types of knowledge and three types of ignorance, etc.; #Satya Pravada Purva – Relating to truth, restraint, silence (Maun), speech, etc.; #Atma pavada Purva – Analysis of soul from different view points (naya); #Karma Pravada Pūrva – Theory of karma, its bondage, influx, its nature, fruition, shedding; #Pratyakhyana Purva – Giving up (Pachchhakhän), restraint, vows, detachment, etc.; #Vidyā Pravāda Purva – Expertise (vidyä), exceptional abilities, practice,; #Kalyana Pravada Purva – Spiritual alertness (Apramäd) and laziness (Pramäd); #Prana Pravada Purva – Ten types of life substances or vitalities (Prän), life span, etc.; #Kriyā Visala Purva – Skills, 64 arts of women, 84 arts of men, etc.; #Lokbindus ā Purva – Three parts of universe including heavens and hells, mathematics, etc. The contents of the Purvas was so vast, that the tradition holds that, the first one is written by the volume of the ink that is equivalent to the size of one elephant. Second one is two times larger, and third one is two times larger than second one and so on. It was said that, all efforts to describe the knowledge of Purva in words were in vain. It provided detailed information about six kinds of reals or substances, all kinds of living creatures, the things which were to exist for eternal time, those which were to come into existence for a transient time and their time of extinction, five kinds of knowledge, truth, soul, karma, mantra, benefits of austerities, the lifestyle of ascetics and householders, birth, death and a detailed description of the whole universe. It also contained various knowledge on attainment of exceptional abilities including attainment of various magical powers. The Purvas, also showed how Jain monks attained connection to god. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Purvas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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