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Western and Russian analysts use the term Putinism ((ロシア語:путинизм)) to characterise the "ideology", priorities, and policies of Vladimir Putin and his system of government. Cassiday and Johnson argue that since taking power in 1999, "Putin has inspired expressions of adulation the likes of which Russia has not seen since the days of Stalin. Tributes to his achievements and personal attributes have flooded every possible media."〔Julie A. Cassiday, and Emily D. Johnson. "Putin, Putiniana and the question of a post-Soviet cult of personality." ''Slavonic and East European Review'' (2010): 681-707. (in JSTOR )〕 Ross says the cult emerged quickly by 2002 and emphasizes Putin's "iron will, health, youth and decisiveness, tempered by popular support." Ross concludes, "The development of a Putin mini cult of personality was based on a formidable personality at its heart." ==Overview== The term occurs, often with negative connotations in Western media,〔One of the first recorded usage of the term: 〕〔("The Perils of Putinism" ), by Arnold Beichman, ''Washington Times'', February 11, 2007〕〔(Putinism On the March ), by George F. Will, Washington Post, November 30, 2004〕〔(The West must start to hit Russia where it hurts – in the roubles ), Simon Heffer, ''Telegraph'' (U.K.): "Few in the outside world were enthused in an election that was stage-managed through the constructs of electoral machinery that thrived on exclusivism and partisan majoritarianism, to make sure that former President Putin's hand-picked successor was elected. And, it was. Medvedev was a vehicle for institutionalizing Putinism – a draconian authoritarianism and xenophobic foreign policy – in Russia. It worked for Putin. And, the question became: Who will be calling the shots after Putin engineered his way back to behind-the-scene power, when he took the position of the prime minister?", retrieved 18-Jan-2009〕〔(Europe is skeptical facing the Russian presidentials ), euro|topics Spanish site, English language summary of Swedish press article in ''Expressen'', quoting the article: "Whatever Putin is contemplating, Putinism will emerge as the victor in the upcoming transfer of power," writes the paper. "Well-staged events like the presidential election cannot belie the fact that it's been a while since Russia was a democracy. Yesterday, Amnesty International published a report that finds a dramatic drop in freedom of expression in Russia. Independent media have been silenced, the murder of journalists remains unexplained and police put down protests by the opposition. Today's Russia is led by gangs with close ties to the FSB security service. … The only pluralistic element in Russian politics is the conflict between these gangs. And the Russian people have no say in this power play.", retrieved 18-Jan-2009〕〔 〕 in reference to the political system of Russia during the period of the Putin Presidencies (2000–2004, 2004–2008, 2012–present) and of Putin's Interim Prime Ministership (2008–12) where ''siloviki'' control much of the political and financial powers. Many of these people, with a state security background in 22 governmental security and intelligence agencies, (such as the FSB, the Police and the Army.〔〔(From Communism to Putinism ), by Richard W. Rahn, ''The Brussels Journal'', 19 September 2007.〕〔(Russia: Putin May Go, But Can 'Putinism' Survive? ), By Brian Whitmore, RFE/RL, August 29, 2007〕) share their career background with Putin or are his personal friends.〔(Friends in high places? ) By Catherine Belton and Neil Buckley, Financial Times, May 15, 2008〕〔(Former Russian Spies Are Now Prominent in Business ) by Andrew Kramer ''New York Times'' December 18, 2007.〕〔(Russia's New Oligarchy: For Putin and Friends, a Gusher of Questionable Deals ) by Anders Aslund December 12, 2007.〕〔(Миллиардер Тимченко, «друг Путина», стал одним из крупнейших в мире продавцов нефти. ) NEWSru.com Nov 1, 2007.〕〔(Путин остается премьером, чтобы сохранить контроль над бизнес-империей. ) NEWSru.com Dec 17, 2007.〕〔(За время президентства Путин «заработал» 40 миллиардов долларов? )〕〔(Путин под занавес президентства заключил мегасделки по раздаче госактивов "близким людям" ) NEWSru.com Mat 13, 2008.〕 (''See also Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency'') The political system under Putin features some elements of economic liberalism, a lack of transparency in governance, cronyism and pervasive corruption, which assumed in Putin's Russia "a systemic and institutionalized form", according to a report by Boris Nemtsov as well as according to other sources.〔(''Независимый экспертеый доклад «Путин. Итоги»'' ) Experts' report by Boris Nemtsov and Vladimir Milov released in February 2008.〕〔(За четыре года мздоимство в России выросло почти в десять раз (''Bribe-taking in Russia has increased by nearly ten times'') ) ''Финансовые известия'' July 21, 2005.〕〔(Energy Revenues and Corruption Increase in Russia ) Voice of America 13 July 2006.〕〔(Чума-2005: коррупция ) Argumenty i Fakty № 29 (1290) July 2005〕〔(Russia: Bribery Thriving Under Putin, According To New Report ) Radio Liberty July 22, 2005〕〔(Putin, the Kremlin power struggle and the $40bn fortune ) The Guardian Dec 21, 2007〕 Between 1999 and autumn 2008 Russia's economy grew at a steady pace, which some experts attribute to the sharp rouble devaluation of 1998, Boris Yeltsin-era structural reforms, to a rising oil price and to cheap credit from western banks. In Michael McFaul's opinion (June 2004), Russia’s “impressive” short-term economic growth "came simultaneously with the destruction of free media, threats to civil society and an unmitigated corruption of justice".〔(The Putin Paradox ) by Michael McFaul June 24, 2004〕 During his two terms as president, Putin signed into law a series of liberal economic reforms, such as the flat income-tax of 13 percent, a reduced profits-tax, a new Land Code and a new edition (2006) of the Civil Code. Within this period, poverty in Russia reduced by more than half〔(Putin's Eight Years ) Kommersant Retrieved on 4 May 2008〕〔(Russia’s economy under Vladimir Putin: achievements and failures ) RIA Novosti Retrieved on 1 May 2008〕 and real GDP has grown rapidly.〔(Putin visions new development plans for Russia ) China Economic Information Service Retrieved on 8 May 2008〕 In foreign affairs, the Putin government seeks to emulate the former Soviet Union's grandeur, belligerence and expansionism.〔(Путинизм как лошадь Мюнхгаузена ) ej.ru by Dmitry Oreshkin, January 24, 2007.〕 In November 2007, Simon Tisdall of ''The Guardian'' pointed out that "just as Russia once exported Marxist revolution, it may now be creating an international market for Putinism", as "more often than not, instinctively undemocratic, oligarchic and corrupt national elites find that an appearance of democracy, with parliamentary trappings and a pretense of pluralism, is much more attractive, and manageable, than the real thing". The US economist Richard W. Rahn (September 2007) called Putinism "a Russian nationalistic authoritarian form of government that pretends to be a free market democracy", and which "owes more of its lineage to fascism than communism";〔 noting that "Putinism depended on the Russian economy growing rapidly enough that most people had rising standards of living and, in exchange, were willing to put up with the existing soft repression",〔 he predicted that "as Russia's economic fortunes changed, Putinism was likely to become more repressive". Russian historian Andranik Migranyan saw the Putin regime as restoring what he viewed as the natural functions of a government after period of the 1990s, when oligopolies expressing only their own narrow interests allegedly ruled Russia. Migranyan said, "If democracy is the rule by a majority and the protection of the rights and opportunities of a minority, the current political regime can be described as democratic, at least formally. A multiparty political system exists in Russia, while several parties, most of them representing the opposition, have seats in the State Duma."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Putinism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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