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Pyelonephritis (from Greek πύελο|ς ''pýelo|s'', "basin" + νεφρ|ός ''nepʰrós'', "kidney" + suffix ''-itis'' suggesting "inflammation") is an inflammation of the kidney tissue, calyces, and renal pelvis.〔(medilexicon.com )〕 It is commonly caused by bacterial infection that has spread up the urinary tract or travelled through the bloodstream to the kidneys.〔(merckmanuals.com )〕 A similar term is "pyelitis" which means inflammation of the pelvis and calyces.〔(medilexicon.com )〕〔Using Medical Terminology: A Practical Approach 2006 p.723〕 In other words, pyelitis together with nephritis is collectively known as pyelonephritis. Severe cases of pyelonephritis can lead to pyonephrosis (pus accumulation around the kidney), sepsis (a systemic inflammatory response of the body to infection), kidney failure and even death. Pyelonephritis presents with fever, accelerated heart rate, painful urination, abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, and tenderness at the costovertebral angle on the affected side. Pyelonephritis that has progressed to urosepsis may be accompanied by signs of septic shock, including rapid breathing, decreased blood pressure, violent shivering, and occasionally delirium. Pyelonephritis requires antibiotic therapy, and sometimes surgical intervention such as ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrostomy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy, as well as treatment of any underlying causes to prevent its recurrence. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare form of chronic pyelonephritis in which surgical removal of the kidney is usually necessary for definitive treatment. ==Signs and symptoms== Signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis generally develop rapidly over a few hours or a day. It can cause high fever, pain on passing urine, and abdominal pain that radiates along the flank towards the back. There is often associated vomiting.〔 Chronic pyelonephritis causes persistent flank or abdominal pain, signs of infection (fever, unintentional weight loss, malaise, decreased appetite), lower urinary tract symptoms and blood in the urine.〔 Chronic pyelonephritis can in addition cause fever of unknown origin. Furthermore, inflammation-related proteins can accumulate in organs and cause the condition AA amyloidosis.〔 Physical examination may reveal fever and tenderness at the costovertebral angle on the affected side.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pyelonephritis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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