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Pylos ((ギリシア語:Πύλος)), historically also known under its Italian name Navarino, is a town and a former municipality in Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pylos-Nestoras, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.〔(Kallikratis law ) Greece Ministry of Interior 〕 It was the capital of the former Pylia Province. It is the main harbour on the Bay of Navarino. Nearby villages include Gialova, Pyla, Elaiofyto, Schinolakka, and Palaionero. The town of Pylos has 2,767 inhabitants, the municipal unit of Pylos 5,287 (2011). Pylos has a long history, having been inhabited since Neolithic times. It was a significant kingdom in Mycenaean Greece, with remains of the so-called "Palace of Nestor" excavated nearby, named after Nestor, the king of Pylos in Homer's ''Iliad''. In Classical times, the site was uninhabited, but became the site of the Battle of Pylos in 425 BC, during the Peloponnesian War. Pylos is scarcely mentioned thereafter until the 13th century, when it became part of the Frankish Principality of Achaea. Increasingly known by its French name of Port-de-Jonc or its Italian name Navarino, in the 1280s the Franks built the Old Navarino castle on the site. Pylos came under the control of the Republic of Venice from 1417 until 1500, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans used Pylos and its bay as a naval base, and built the New Navarino fortress there. The area remained under Ottoman control, with the exception of a brief period of renewed Venetian rule in 1685–1715 and a Russian occupation in 1770–71, until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt recovered it for the Ottomans in 1825, but the defeat of the Turco-Egyptian fleet in the 1827 Battle of Navarino forced Ibrahim to withdraw from the Peloponnese and confirmed Greek independence. ==The name of Navarino== Pylos retained its ancient name down to Byzantine times, but appears after the Frankish conquest in the early 13th century under two names:〔 * a French one, ''Port-de-Jonc'' ("Cane Harbour") or ''Port-de-Junch'', with some variants and derivatives: in Italian ''Porto-Junco'', ''Zunchio'' or ''Zonchio'', in medieval Catalan ''Port Jonc'', in Latin ''Iuncum'', ''Zonglon/Zonglos'' (Ζόγγλον/ς or Ζόγκλον/ς) in Greek, etc. It takes that name from the marshes surrounding the place. * a Greek one, ''Avarinos'' (Ἀβαρῖνος), later shortened to ''Varinos'' (Βαρῖνος) or lengthened to ''Anavarinos'' (Ἀναβαρῖνος) by epenthesis, which became ''Navarino'' in Italian and ''Navarin'' in French.〔 Its etymology is not certain. A traditional etymology, proposed by the early 15th-century traveller Nompar de Caumont and repeated as late as the works of Karl Hopf, ascribed the name to the Navarrese Company, but this clearly an error as the name was in use long before the Navarrese presence in Greece. In 1830 Fallmereyer proposed (''Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea'', Vol. I, p. 188) that it could originate from a body of Avars who settled there, a view adopted by a few later scholars like William Miller; modern scholarship on the other hand considers it more likely that it originates from a Slavic name meaning "place of maples", as proposed by Max Vasmer (''Die Slaven in Griechenland'') in 1941.〔〔 The name of Avarinos/Navarino, although in use before the Frankish period, came into widespread use, and eclipsed the French name of Port-de-Jonc and its derivations, only in the 15th century, i.e. after the collapse of the Frankish Principality of Achaea.〔 In the late 14th/early 15th centuries, when it was held by the Navarrese Company, it was also known as ''Château Navarres'', and called ''Spanochori'' (Σπανοχώρι, "village of the Spaniards") by the local Greeks. Under Ottoman rule (1498–1685, 1715–1821), the Turkish name was ''Anavarin()''. After the construction of the new Ottoman fortress (''Anavarin kalesi'') in 1571/2, it became known as ''Neokastro'' (Νεόκαστρο or Νιόκαστρο, "new castle") among the local Greeks, while the old Frankish castle became known as ''Palaiokastro'' (Παλαιόκαστρο or Παλιόκαστρο, "old castle").〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pylos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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