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Pyraustinae is a large subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. It currently includes over 1,400 species, the majority of them tropical but some found in temperate regions including both North America and Europe. The Pyraustinae were originally including the Spilomelinae; the present group was at that time considered a tribe Pyraustini. It has not been fully established yet which taxa of the Pyraustinae ''sensu lato'' belong to Pyraustinae as currently understood; thus the number of species in this subfamily is set to increase (although the Spilomelinae are the larger group of the old Pyraustinae). Taxonomists' opinions differ as to the correct placement of the Crambidae, some authorities treating them as a subfamily (Crambinae) of the family Pyralidae. If this is done, Pyraustinae is usually treated as a separate subfamily within Pyralidae. The Pyraustinae are characterised by atrophied spinula and venulae in the tympanal organs; a narrow fornix tympani; a longitudinal groove with androconial scales on the male mesothoracic tibiae; an often spinose antrum; and a sella (a medially directed clasper on the inside of the valvae), and an editum with modified setae on the male valvae. Many species have larvae that bore into stems and fruit of plants, and several, notably from the genus ''Ostrinia'', are serious agricultural pests. ==Pyraustinae taxonomy== *''Acellalis'' Pagenstecher, 1884 *''Achyra'' Guenée, 1849 (= Achiria Sherborn, 1932, Achyria Sherborn, 1932, Dosara Walker, 1859, Eurycreon Lederer, 1863, Tritaea Meyrick, 1884) *''Acropentias'' Meyrick, 1890 *''Adoxobotys'' Munroe, 1978 *''Aeolosma'' Meyrick, 1938 *''Aglaops'' Warren, 1892 (= Xanthopsamma Munroe & Mutuura, 1968) *''Ametrea'' Munroe, 1964 *''Anamalaia'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *''Anania'' Hübner, 1823 (= Algedonia Lederer, 1863, Mutuuraia Munroe, 1976, Nealgedonia Munroe, 1976, Ametasia M. O. Martin, 1986, Ebulea Doubleday, 1849, Ennychia Treitschke, 1828, Ennichia Duponchel, 1833, Ethiobotys Maes, 1997, Eurrhypara Hübner, 1825, Palpita Hübner, 1806, Proteurrhypara Munroe & Mutuura, 1969, Opsibotys Warren, 1890, Perinephela Hübner, 1825, Perinephele Hübner, 1826, Perinephila Hampson, 1897, Phlyctaenia Hübner, 1825, Polyctaenia Hübner, 1826, Pronomis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968, Tenerobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1971, Trichovalva Amsel, 1956, Udonomeiga Mutuura, 1954) *''Ancyloptila'' Meyrick, 1889 *''Aplectropus'' Hampson in Walsingham & Hampson, 1896 *''Aponia'' Munroe, 1964 *''Arenochroa'' Munroe, 1976 *''Arunamalaia'' Rose & Kirti, 1987 *''Asphadastis'' Meyrick, 1934 *''Atomoclostis'' Meyrick, 1934 *''Aulacoptera'' Hampson, 1896 (= Aulacophora Swinhoe, 1895; preoccupied by Aulacophora Dejean, 1835) *''Aurorobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1971 *''Authaeretis'' Meyrick, 1886 (= Anthaeretis Carus, 1887) *''Auxolophotis'' Meyrick, 1933 *''Betousa'' Walker, 1865 (= Neothyris Warren, 1899) *''Burathema'' Walker, 1863 *''Calamochrous'' Lederer, 1863 (= Calamochrosta Lederer, 1863) *''Callibotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *''Capparidia'' Dumont, 1931 *''Carminibotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1971 *''Catapsephis'' Hampson, 1899 *''Ceuthobotys'' Munroe, 1978 *''Charitoprepes'' Warren, 1896 *''Cheloterma'' Meyrick, 1933 *''Chilochroma'' Amsel, 1956 *''Chilocorsia'' Munroe, 1964 *''Chilopionea'' Munroe, 1964 *''Chobera'' Moore, 1888 *''Circobotys'' Butler, 1879 *''Clatrodes'' Marion & Viette, 1953 *''Coelobathra'' Turner, 1908 *''Coptobasoides'' Janse, 1935 *''Crocidophora'' Lederer, 1863 (= Crocidosema Lederer, 1863, Monocrocis Warren, 1895) *''Crypsiptya'' Meyrick, 1894 (= Coclebotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969) *''Cryptosara'' E. L. Martin, 1956 *''Cybalobotys'' Maes, 2001 *''Cyclarcha'' Swinhoe, 1894 *''Daulia'' Walker, 1859 (= Girtexta Swinhoe, 1890) *''Daunabotys'' Maes, 2004 *''Decelia'' Snellen, 1880 *''Deltobotys'' Munroe, 1964 *''Demobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *''Deuterophysa'' Warren, 1889 (= Gonopionea Hampson, 1913) *''Discothyris'' Warren, 1895 *''Drachma'' Bryk, 1913 *''Ecpyrrhorrhoe'' Hübner, 1825 (= Ecpyrrhorrhoa J. L. R. Agassiz, 1846, Ecpyrrhorrhoea Hübner, 1826, Harpadispar Agenjo, 1952, Pyraustegia Marion, 1963, Yezobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969) *''Elosita'' Snellen, 1899 *''Emphylica'' Turner, 1913 *''Endographis'' Meyrick, 1894 *''Endotrichella'' Collins, 1962 (= Endotrichodes Hampson, 1919) *''Ennomosia'' Amsel, 1956 *''Enyocera'' Snellen, 1880 *''Epicorsia'' Hübner, 1818 (= Episcorsia Hübner, 1826) *''Epiecia'' Walker, 1866 *''Epiparbattia'' Caradja, 1925 *''Eporidia'' Walker, 1859 (= Eporedia Walker, 1859) *''Eretmopteryx'' Saalmüller, 1884 *''Erinothus'' Hampson, 1899 *''Euclasta'' Lederer, 1855 (= Ilurgia Walker, 1859, Proteuclasta Munroe, 1958) *''Eumaragma'' Meyrick, 1933 *''Eumorphobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *''Euphyciodes'' Marion, 1954 *''Eustenia'' Snellen, 1899 *''Exeristis'' Meyrick, 1886 *''Fumibotys'' Munroe, 1976 *''Furcivena'' Hampson, 1896 *''Glaucoda'' Karsch, 1900 *''Glyphidomarptis'' Meyrick, 1936 *''Gnamptorhiza'' Warren, 1896 *''Gynenomis'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 *''Gyptitia'' Snellen, 1883 *''Hahncappsia'' Munroe, 1976 *''Helvibotys'' Munroe, 1976 *''Heterocnephes'' Lederer, 1863 *''Hutuna'' Whalley, 1962 *''Hyalea'' Guenée, 1854 *''Hyalobathra'' Meyrick, 1885 (= Leucocraspeda Warren, 1890) *''Hyalorista'' Warren, 1892 (= Pyraustopsis Amsel, 1956) *''Hymenia'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Zinckenia'' Zeller, 1852) *''Hyperectis'' Meyrick, 1904 *''Hyphercyna'' Sauber, 1899 *''Idiusia'' Warren, 1896 *''Ischnoscopa'' Meyrick, 1894 *''Ismene'' Savigny, 1816 *''Isocentris'' Meyrick, 1887 *''Lampridia'' Snellen, 1880 *''Lamprophaia'' Caradja, 1925 *''Lepidoplaga'' Warren, 1895 *''Leptosophista'' Meyrick, 1938 *''Leucophotis'' Butler, 1886 *''Limbobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1970 *''Lirabotys'' J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007 *''Lotanga'' Moore, 1886 *''Loxoneptera'' Hampson, 1896 *''Loxostege'' Hübner, 1825 (= Boreophila Duponchel, 1845, Cosmocreon Warren, 1892, Leimonia Hübner, 1825, Limonia J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847, Margaritia Stephens, 1827, Parasitochroa Hannemann, 1964, Maroa Barnes & McDunnough, 1914, Meridiophila Marion, 1963, Polingia Barnes & McDunnough, 1914) *''Lumenia'' Joannis, 1929 *''Mabra'' Moore, 1885 (= Streptobela Turner, 1937) *''Macrospectrodes'' Warren, 1896 *''Massepha'' Walker, 1859 *''Megatarsodes'' Marion, 1954 *''Metaprotus'' Hampson, 1899 *''Metasiodes'' Meyrick, 1894 *''Mimasarta'' Ragonot, 1894 *''Mimetebulea'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 *''Monocoptopera'' Hampson, 1899 *''Monodonta'' Kenrick, 1907 *''Munroeodes'' Amsel, 1957 (= Munroeia Amsel, 1954) *''Nacoleiopsis'' Matsumura, 1925 *''Nagiella'' Munroe, 1976 (= Nagia Walker, 1866) *''Nankogobinda'' Rose & Singh-Kirti, 1986 *''Nascia'' J. Curtis, 1835 *''Neadeloides'' Klima, 1939 (= Adeloides Warren, 1892) *''Neasarta'' Hampson, 1908 *''Neoepicorsia'' Munroe, 1964 *''Neohelvibotys'' Munroe, 1976 *''Nephelobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1970 *''Nephelolychnis'' Meyrick, 1933 *''Nevrina'' Guenée, 1854 (= Neurina Moore, 1886) *''Niphostola'' Hampson, 1896 *''Nomis'' Motschulsky, 1861 *''Nymphulosis'' Amsel, 1959 *''Oenobotys'' Munroe, 1976 *''Oligocentris'' Hampson, 1896 *''Oronomis'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 *''Ostrinia'' Hübner, 1825 (= Eupolemarcha Meyrick, 1937, Micractis Warren, 1892, Zeaphagus Agenjo, 1952) *''Pagyda'' Walker, 1859 *''Palepicorsia'' Maes, 1995 *''Paliga'' Moore, 1886 (= Eutectona Wang & Sung, 1980) *''Palpusia'' Amsel, 1956 *''Paracentristis'' Meyrick, 1934 *''Paracorsia'' Marion, 1959 *''Paranomis'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 *''Paratalanta'' Meyrick, 1890 (= Microstega Meyrick, 1890) *''Parbattia'' Moore, 1888 *''Paschiodes'' Hampson, 1913 *''Patissodes'' Hampson, 1919 *''Peribona'' Snellen, 1895 (= Radiorista Warren, 1896) *''Perispasta'' Zeller, 1875 *''Piletosoma'' Hampson, 1899 *''Pimelephila'' Tams, 1930 *''Pioneabathra'' J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007 *''Placosaris'' Meyrick, 1897 (= Xanthelectris Meyrick, 1938) *''Plantegumia'' Amsel, 1956 *''Platytesis'' Hampson, 1919 *''Pleonectoides'' Hampson, 1891 *''Portentomorpha'' Amsel, 1956 (= Apoecetes Munroe, 1956) *''Powysia'' Maes, 2006 *''Preneopogon'' Warren, 1896 *''Proconica'' Hampson, 1899 *''Prodasycnemis'' Warren, 1892 *''Prodelophanes'' Meyrick, 1937 *''Protepicorsia'' Munroe, 1964 *''Protinopalpa'' Strand, 1911 *''Prototyla'' Meyrick, 1933 *''Psammotis'' Hübner, 1825 (= Lemia Duponchel, 1845, Lemiodes Guenée, 1854, Psamotis Hübner, 1825) *''Pseudebulea'' Butler, 1881 *''Pseudepicorsia'' Munroe, 1964 *''Pseudopagyda'' Slamka, 2013 *''Pseudopolygrammodes'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *''Pseudopyrausta'' Amsel, 1956 *''Ptiladarcha'' Meyrick, 1933 *''Pyralausta'' Hampson, 1913 *''Pyrasia'' M. O. Martin, 1986 *''Pyrausta'' Schrank, 1802 (= Aplographe Warren, 1892, Autocosmia Warren, 1892, Botys Latreille, 1802, Botis Swainson, (), Ostreophena Sodoffsky, 1837, Ostreophana Sodoffsky, 1837, Botis J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847, Heliaca Hübner, 1806, Cindaphia Lederer, 1863, Haematia Hübner, 1818, Heliaca Hübner, 1822, Heliaca Hübner, 1818, Heliaca Hübner, 1808, Herbula Guenée, 1854, Hyaloscia Dognin, 1908, Mardinia Amsel, 1952, Panstegia Hübner, 1825, Perilypa Hübner, 1825, Porphyritis Hübner, 1825, Proteroeca Meyrick, 1884, Pyrausta Hübner, 1825, Anthocrypta Warren, 1892, Pyraustes Billberg, 1820, Sciorista Warren, 1890, Rattana Rose & Pajni, 1979, Syllythria Hübner, 1825, Rhodaria Guenée, 1845, Synchromia Guenée, 1854, Tholeria Hübner, 1823, Trigonuncus Amsel, 1952) *''Pyraustimorpha'' Kocak & Seven, 1995 *''Radessa'' Munroe, 1977 *''Ravanoa'' Moore, 1885 *''Rhectocraspeda'' Warren, 1892 (= Pilemia Möschler, 1882, Rapoona Hedemann, 1894, Rapona Schaus, 1940) *''Rhynchetria'' Klunder van Gijen, 1913 *''Rodaba'' Moore, 1888 *''Sarabotys'' Munroe, 1964 *''Saucrobotys'' Munroe, 1976 *''Sclerocona'' Meyrick, 1890 *''Semniomima'' Warren, 1892 *''Sericoplaga'' Warren, 1892 *''Sinibotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *''Sisyracera'' Möschler, 1890 (= Araschnopsis Amsel, 1956) *''Sitochroa'' Hübner, 1825 (= Spilodes Guenée, 1849) *''Stenochora'' Warren, 1892 *''Tangla'' Swinhoe, 1900 *''Tasenia'' Snellen, 1901 *''Thivolleo'' Maes, 2006 *''Thliptoceras'' Warren in Swinhoe, 1890 (= Mimocomma Warren, 1895, Parudea Swinhoe, 1900, Polychorista Warren, 1896) *''Thysanodesma'' Butler, 1889 *''Tipuliforma'' Kenrick, 1907 *''Tirsa'' J. F. G. Clarke, 1971 *''Togabotys'' Yamanaka, 1978 *''Toxobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 *''Trichoceraea'' Sauber in G. Semper, 1902 *''Trigamozeucta'' Meyrick, 1937 *''Trithyris'' Lederer, 1863 *''Triuncidia'' Munroe, 1976 *''Uncobotyodes'' Kirti & Rose, 1990 *''Uresiphita'' Hübner, 1825 (= Mecyna Guenée, 1854, Uresiphoeta J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847) *''Vittabotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1970 *''Xanthomelaena'' Hampson, 1896 (= Xanthomelaina Swinhoe, 1904) *''Xanthostege'' Munroe, 1976 Some Pyraloidea are still not unequivocally placed in a particular tribe or even family; among these, ''Tanaobela'' for example is sometimes assigned to the Pyraustinae. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pyraustinae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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