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Pytalovo
Pytalovo ((ロシア語:Пыта́лово); (ラトビア語:Pitalova)) is a town and the administrative center of Pytalovsky District in Pskov Oblast, Russia, located on the Utroya River (a tributary of the Velikaya), southwest of Pskov, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:
==Etymology==
Accounts of the origin of Pytalovo's name reflect the region's dichotomy. The unofficial Pytalovo website offers two possibilities for the origin of the town's name,〔Unofficial website of Pytalovo. (О названии города ) 〕 neither based in any verifiable historical facts. One is that it was named for Lieutenant Pytalov, a guard to Catherine the Great, who received the lands in 1766 for reasons unknown, that estate subsequently being sold off by his descendants.〔 The other is that the name "speaks for itself" (i.e., it is derived from the Russian verb "", ''to torture''), named for a church courtyard with a large iron cross used to torture and execute people.〔
A viable historical explanation is that Pytalovo is Russified Latvian for "Pietālava" (Latvian "pie Tālavas", or Latgalian "pī Tuolavas"), meaning "near Tālava", with Tālava being the name of an ancient Latvian feudal state.〔D. Eglitis quoting historian Edgars Andersons in ''Imagining the Nation: History, Modernity, and Revolution in Latvia''. Penn State Press, 2002. 〕 Russophones comprised the majority of the population in a number of parishes during Latvia's initial independence, with further Russification ongoing. Nevertheless, the older generation testified to their Latvian heritage.〔(Latviskā Jaunlatgale' ), V. Krasnais, "Latviskā Jaunlatgale, Apgabala Vēsturiskie Likteņi'', retrieved June 22, 2013; also available at (); local community leader A. Briedis recounted during the period: "Nevertheless, the older generation in these parishes completely confirms that in older times they had spoken Latvian and that the Russians had called them Latvians. But now, as the older generation passes on, children are being educating in Russian schools as Russians even under Latvia".〕 Historian Carl von Stern wrote of a cultural awakening amongst the region's inhabitants in the 1930s despite generations of Russification. Two thousand inhabitants from across Pskov gathered in September 1934 and proclaimed: "We are not Russian, but, indeed, Latvian. We are returning to our Latvian heritage. Latvians, lend us your helping hand, support and hasten our return!"〔 Audiences wept as they heard old familiar folk songs sung with words and a language lost over time.〔 A more concrete testament to Pytalovo's Latvian heritage is that the Latvian folk costumes of the region are the only ones which still preserve the most ancient tradition of white dress, once used in both daily life and for festive occasions.〔"Несколько столетий тому назад одежда белого цвета была широко распространена по всей территории Латвии. Теперь Абренский этнографический район остался единственным, где еще можно встретить такую одежду. Характерно, что здесь белыми были как праздничный наряд, так и рабочая одежда." from ''Abrene Women's Folk Costume'', Latvian State Printing House, Riga. ca. 1960〕
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