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The Qedarites (also Kedarites/Cedarenes, Cedar/Kedar/Qedar, and Kingdom of Qedar) were a largely nomadic, ancient Arab tribal confederation. Described as "the most organized of the Northern Arabian tribes", at the peak of its power in the 6th century BC it controlled a large region between the Persian Gulf and the Sinai Peninsula.〔Stearns and Langer, 2001, p. 41.〕〔Eshel in Lipschitz et al., 2007, p. 149.〕〔〔 Biblical tradition holds that the Qedarites are named for Qedar, the second son of Ishmael, mentioned in the Bible's books of Genesis (25:13) and 1 Chronicles (1:29), where there are also frequent references to Qedar as a tribe.〔〔Bromiley, 1997, p. 5.〕 The earliest extrabiblical inscriptions discovered by archaeologists that mention the Qedarites are from the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Spanning the 8th and 7th centuries BC, they list the names of Qedarite kings who revolted and were defeated in battle, as well as those who paid Assyrian monarchs tribute, including Zabibe, queen of the Arabs (šar-rat KUR.a-ri-bi).〔Teppo (2005): 47.〕〔"The queens we have encountered during these hundred years are only queens of the Arabs. None of them is called anything else. This must be interpreted in the following way: Arab and Qedar, although connected, are not identical." Jan Retsö, ''The Arabs in antiquity'', (Routledge, 2003), p. 167.〕 There are also Aramaic and Old South Arabian inscriptions recalling the Qedarites, who further appear briefly in the writings of Classical Greek and Roman historians, such as Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, and Diodorus. It is unclear when the Qedarites ceased to exist as a separately defined confederation or people. Allies with the Nabataeans, it is likely that they were subsumed into the Nabataean state around the 2nd century AD. In Islam, Ishmael is considered to be an ancestral forefather of the Arab people, and Muslims assign great importance in their accounts to his first two sons (Nebaioth and Qedar), with the genealogy of Muhammad, a Messenger of God in Islam, alternately assigned to one or the other son, depending on the scholar. ==Etymology== It has been suggested that the name of the Qedarites is derived from the name for Ishamel's second son Qedar.〔 Though the tribal name is Arabic, it was first transcribed in Assyrian (8th century BC) and Aramaic (6th century BC), as the Arabic alphabet had not yet been developed. In the Mareshah onomasticon, the Qedarites are listed as an ethnic group whose name in Aramaic transliteration is ''QDRYN''.〔Eshel in Lipschitz, 2007, pp. 148-149.〕 The Arabic triliteral root ''q-d-r'' means "to measure, compute, estimate"; "to decree, appoint, ordain"; and "to have power, or ability." ''Qidr'', a noun derived from the same root, means "cauldron, kettle", and also gives the verbal derivation, "to cook".〔Stetkevych, 1996, p. 73.〕 Ernst Axel Knauf, a biblical scholar who undertook a historical study of the Ishmaelites and determined that they were known in Assyrian inscriptions as the Šumu'il, surmises that the name of the Qedarites was derived from the verb ''qadara'', with its meaning of "to ordain, to have power".〔Stetkevych, 1996, p. 76.〕 As this etymology is a deduction based solely on the prominence of the Qedar among the Šumu'il tribes, it is viewed as inconclusive by other scholars.〔Stetkevych, 1996, p. 138, note #50.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Qedarite」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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