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Querquetulanae
In ancient Roman religion and myth, the Querquetulanae or ''Querquetulanae virae'' were nymphs of the oak grove ''(querquetum)'' at a stage of producing green growth. Their sacred grove ''(lucus)'' was within the Porta Querquetulana, a gate in the Servian Wall.〔Lawrence Richardson, ''A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 263.〕 According to Festus, it was believed that in Rome there was once an oakwood within the Porta Querquetulana onto the greening of which presided the ''virae Querquetulanae''.〔Festus p. 261 L s.v.〕
==In Festus==
In his entry on the Querquetulanae, Festus says that their name was thought to signify that they were nymphs presiding over the oak grove as it began to produce green growth, and that the Porta Querquetulana was so called because this kind of woodland ''(silva)'' was just within the gate.〔''Querquetulanae virae putantur significari nymphae praesidentes querqueto virescenti, quod genus silvae iudicant fuisse intra portam, quae ab edo dicta sit Querquetularia'': Festus-Paulus p. 314 in the edition of Lindsay.〕
Festus says that ''virae'' in archaic Latin meant ''feminae'', "women," as if it were the feminine form of ''vir'', "man", and that the words ''virgines'' (singular ''virgo'') and ''viragines (virago)'' reflect this older usage. ''Virgo'', from which the English word "virgin" derives, meant a young woman who had just reached the age to be with a man ''(vir)'': in the ''Etymologies'' of Isidore, "she is said to be a ''virgo'' on account of her youthful bloom and vigor" ''(viridiori aetate)''.〔Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'' 11.2.21; Carlin A. Barton, ''Roman Honor: The Fire in the Bones'' (University of California Press, 2001), p. 42, note 44; see also Isidore 11.2.23 and 12.1.32, and Servius, note to ''Bucolics'' 3.30.〕 In ancient etymologies, the concepts of ''vis'' (plural ''vires''), "power, force, energy", and ''viriditas'', "flourishing vigor", were thought to belong to a semantic group that included ''vir'', ''virtus'', and the ''virgo'' or ''vira'' who possessed "youthful vigor, growth, fertility, freshness, and energy".〔Barton, ''Roman Honor'', pp. 41–42.〕
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