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Rajm () is an Arabic word that means "stoning".〔E. Ann Black, Hossein Esmaeili and Nadirsyah Hosen (2014), Modern Perspectives on Islamic Law, ISBN 978-0857934475, pp. 222-223〕〔Rudolph Peters, Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521796705, pp. 37〕 It is commonly used to refer to the ''Hudud'' punishment wherein an organized group throws stones at a convicted individual until that person dies. Under Islamic law, it is the prescribed punishment in cases of adultery committed by a married man or married woman. The conviction requires a confession from either the adulterer/adulteress, or the testimony of four witnesses (as prescribed by the Quran in Surah an-Nur verse 4), or pregnancy outside of marriage.〔(Muhsan ) The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (2012)〕〔Ismail Poonwala (2007), The Pillars of Islam: Laws pertaining to human intercourse, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195689075, pp. 448-457〕〔〔Al Muwatta 〕 No mention of stoning/''Rajm'' or capital punishment for adultery is found in the ''Qur'an'',〔 which (in Surah an-Nur) prescribes lashing as punishment for premarital and extramarital sex (zina).〔, Quote - "The woman and the man guilty of adultery or fornication,- flog each of them with a hundred stripes: Let not compassion move you in their case, in a matter prescribed by Allah, if ye believe in Allah and the Last Day: and let a party of the Believers witness their punishment."〕 For this reason some minority Muslim sects such as Kharijites found in Iraq, and Islamic Modernists such as the Quranists disagree with the legality of ''rajm''. However, stoning is mentioned in multiple hadiths〔e.g. Sahih Muslim 17:4191 - 4209 and 17:4916 & 17:4194〕 (reports claiming to quote what the prophet Muhammad said verbatim on various matters, which most Muslims and Islamic scholars consider an authoritative source second only to Quran as a source of religious law〔OU Kalu (2003), Safiyya and Adamah: Punishing adultery with sharia stones in twenty‐first‐century Nigeria, African Affairs, 102(408), pp. 389-408〕〔Nisrine Abiad (2008), Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, ISBN 978-1905221417, pp. 24-25〕) and therefore most Muslim and all Sunni and Shia schools of jurisprudence accept it as a prescribed punishment for adultery.〔 ==Practice== At least a couple of sources (Sadakat Kadri, Max Rodenbeck) have noted that while popular in the abstract, ''rajm'' has been infrequently applied in Islamic history. Stonings were recorded just once in all the history of Ottoman Empire, and not at all in Syria during Muslim rule;) Techniques used to "minimize the possibility" that the pregnancy of a single woman would be considered evidence of zina and make justice more merciful, included "fantastic presumptions" about the length of the human gestation period. Classical Hanafite jurists ruling that rather than nine months, it could last for up to two years, Shafi'ites four, and Malikites as long as five years. Rashidun Caliph Umar once acquitted a pregnant single mother on the grounds that she was a "heavy sleeper" who had had "intercourse without realizing it". According to journalist Max Rodenbeck, In almost all cases where it has been applied in recent years, stoning has taken place in tribal or rebel areas beyond the control of central governments—the Taliban in Afghanistan, ISIS in Iraq, and Boko Haram in Nigeria being cases in point. Out of the world’s forty-nine Muslim-majority states, six retain the punishment in deference to Islamic legal tradition, ... Of these countries only Iran, which officially placed a moratorium on stoning in 2002 but still gives leeway to individual judges, has actually carried it out. Saudi Arabia executed four people by stoning during the 1980s. As of 2005, stoning punishments have been considered or handed down in Nigeria and Somalia for the crimes of adultery and sodomy (homosexuality).〔(Nigerian scholars promoting Sharia law as support for women's rights. September 13, 2005 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=5th Delay in Nigerian Gay Trial. Two men facing death by stoning for the alleged crime of sodomy .... September 14, 2005 )〕 Since the Sharia legal system was introduced in northern Nigeria in 2000, more than a dozen Muslims have been sentenced to death by stoning but none have actually been stoned. In one case, an appellate court in the state of Sokoto overturned a stoning sentence on the basis that divorced defendant might not have conceived her child in zina (fornication) because she may have been carrying her baby for as long as five years. Another Nigerian state court of appeal assessed the upper limit of gestation at seven years. In Pakistan "more than three decades of official Islamization have so far failed to produce a single actual stoning..." Iran officially placed a moratorium on stoning in 2002 but still gives leeway to individual judges to sentence ''rajm''.〔 The failure to carry out sentences of ''rajm'' has been blamed on publicity and pressure from internal and international human rights groups,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Amnesty International - Afghanistan: Reject stoning, flogging, amputation and other Taliban-era punishments )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sudan: Ban Death by Stoning - Human Rights Watch )〕 which considers stoning a form of execution by torture. Outside the recognized central governments, from July 2014 to February 2015, six men and nine women, were executed (not all by ''rajm'') by ISIS in Syria for the crimes of adultery or homosexuality, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rajm」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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