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Rakuyōshū
The was a 1598 Japanese dictionary of kanji "Chinese characters" and compounds in three parts. The Jesuit Mission Press published it at Nagasaki along with other early Japanese language reference works, such as the 1603 ''Nippo Jisho'' Japanese–Portuguese dictionary. The ''Rakuyōshū'', also known as the ''Rakuyoshu'' or ''Rakuyôshû'', is notable as the first dictionary to separate ''kanji'' readings between Chinese loanword ''on'' (音 "pronunciation") and native Japanese ''kun'' (訓 "meaning").
In contrast with the numerous ''Rakuyōshū'' studies written in Japanese, the primary research in English is by Joseph Koshimi Yamagiwa (1955), Professor of Japanese at the University of Michigan, and Don Clifford Bailey (1960, 1962), Professor of Japanese at the University of Arizona.
==Title==
Although the title ''Rakuyōshū'' (落葉集) literally reads as a ''shū'' (集 "collection; assembly") of ''rakuyō'' (落葉 "fallen leaves", or ''ochiba'' 落ち葉 in ''kun'' reading), the preface explains it metaphorically means "collection, in ''iroha'' order, of fallen (left-over, overlooked) words".
To be sure, many Japanese dictionaries have appeared in the world before now. Of these, however, it may be said that they are deficient either in that they provide the ''koe'' (reading ) of characters, omitting the ''yomi'' (reading ), or that they record the ''yomi'' and ignore the ''koe''. Herein we propose to assemble "left-over ()" ''kanji'' and compounds long in use but hitherto overlooked and to arrange them, after the manner of the ''Irohashu'', in ''iroha'' order, their ''on'' (readings ) to be on the right and their ''yomi'' to be on the left, and thus to produce in one volume a dictionary to be designated the ''Rakuyōshū''. Thereafter we propose to add a section of characters and compounds similarly grouped in ''iroha'' order but arranged in terms of their Japanese readings. (tr. Bailey 1960:297)
''Rakusaku'' comes from the Classical Chinese word ''luosuo'' (落索 "wither, shrivel; fall low, fall on hard times; lonely, lonesome"). Thus, the title blends ''raku'' (落 "fall; drop") meaning words "dropped" (overlooked, missed) by other Japanese dictionaries plus ''yōshū'' (葉集, or ''hashū'' in ''on''-reading) abbreviating ''Irohashū'' (色葉集 "''iroha'' collection") meaning a dictionary collated in ''iroha'' order (e.g., the 12th-century ''Iroha Jiruishō''). Despite the compiler's intention of including overlooked words, Bailey discovered that more than half of the ''Rakuyōshū'' entries are found in contemporary Japanese dictionaries, primarily 15th-century ''Setsuyōshū'' editions, and many others occur in Chinese rime dictionaries.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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