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Ramindjeri
Ramindjeri are a clan ("lakinyeri" in Ngarrindjeri language) of Australian Aboriginal people forming part of the Kukabrak〔(Berndt & Berndt 1993 "A World That Was: The Yaraldi of the Murray River and the Lakes, South Australia", Ch1 The land and the people p21 )〕 (since popularised due to 19th-century missionary Rev George Taplin as Ngarrindjeri) people.〔(【引用サイトリンク】South Australian Museum">title=Ngunderi )〕 Ramindjeri land is the most westerly of the Ngarrindjeri, covering the area around Encounter Bay in southern South Australia, including Victor Harbor and Port Elliot,〔 however an ongoing native title dispute asserts a much more extensive territory and other paradigm shifts.〔
Ramindjeri were amongst, if not the first South Australian Aboriginal people to come into regular contact with Europeans since 1802, with Karta (Kangaroo Island) based sealers raiding Ramindjeri territorial lands for women in the early 19th century, pre-1836 settlement.〔Jenkin, p. 26.〕 Ramindjeri men began working as whalers around Encounter Bay in the 1830s.〔Jenkin, p. 50.〕
==Territory==
Ramindjeri assert a historical territory including Kangaroo Island and the whole southern portion of the Fleurieu Peninsula, extending as far north as Noarlunga or even the River Torrens.〔 There is no evidence of continual occupation on Kangaroo Island earlier than the complete separation of the island from the mainland 11,000 years ago. Several small sites dated 6,000, 5,200 and 4,300 years have been found but it is unknown whether these belong to visitors or a remnant population. As available technology precludes intentional visits by Aboriginals, a remnant population of up to 200 individuals is the preferred option with the last dying 2,500 years ago.〔(A biography of the Australian continent; Karta: Island of the Dead - Kangaroo Island )〕 The territory also overlaps a significant portion of the territory claimed by both the neighboring Ngarrindjeri to the east and the Kaurna Native Title Claims Registered respectively 1998 and 2000. Linguistic evidence suggests that the "Aborigines" encountered by Colonel Light at Rapid Bay in 1836 were "Kaurna" speakers. Ramindjeri as "Encounter Bay blacks" were observed holding a full moon ceremony at Onkaparinga by John Bull's 1837 water exploration party, guided by pre-1836 Sealer Nat Thomas.〔("Unearthed" 2002, Dr Rebe Taylor, p52 )〕
Ronald and Catherine Berndt's ethnographic study, which was conducted in the 1930s, identified six Kukabrak〔Berndt, 1993, p19, "The appropriate traditional categorization of the whole group was Kukabrak: this term, as we mention again below, was used by these people to differentiate themselves from neighbours whom they regarded as being socio-culturally and linguistically dissimilar. However, the term Narrinyeri has been used consistently in the literature and by Aborigines today who recognise a common descent from original inhibitants of this region-- even though their traditional identifying labels have been lost."〕 subsequently described as "Ngarrindjeri" clans, the Ramindjeri lakinyeri occupying the coast from Cape Jervis to a few kilometres south of Adelaide. Berndt posits that the Ramindjeri clans may have expanded along trade routes as the Kaurna were dispossessed by colonists.
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