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The true frogs, family Ranidae, have the widest distribution of any frog family. They are abundant throughout most of the world, occurring on all continents except Antarctica. The true frogs are present in North America, northern South America, Europe, Asia, Madagascar, Africa, and from the East Indies to New Guinea; the species native to Australia—the Australian wood frog (''Hylarana daemelii'')—is restricted to the far north. Typically, true frogs are smooth and moist-skinned, with large, powerful legs and extensively webbed feet. The true frogs vary greatly in size, ranging from small—such as the wood frog (''Rana sylvatica'')—to the largest frog in the world, the goliath frog (''Conraua goliath''). Many of the true frogs are aquatic or live close to water. Most species lay their eggs in the water and go through a tadpole stage. However, as with most families of frogs, there is large variation of habitat within the family. Those of the genus ''Tomopterna'' are burrowing frogs native to Africa and exhibit most of the characteristics common to burrowing frogs around the world. There are also arboreal species of true frogs, and the family includes some of the very few amphibians that can live in brackish water.〔Gordon ''et al.'' (1961)〕 ==Systematics== The subdivisions of the Ranidae are still a matter of dispute, although many are coming to an agreement. Most authors believe the subfamily Petropedetinae is actually a distinct family called Petropedetidae.〔Frost (2006)〕 The validity of the Cacosterninae is likewise disputed; they are usually merged in the Petropedetinae, but when the latter are considered a distinct family, the Cacosterninae are often awarded at least subspecific distinctness, too, and sometimes split off entirely. Still, there is general agreement today that the Mantellidae, which were formerly considered another ranid subfamily, form a distinct family. There is also a recent trend to split off the forked-tongued frogs as distinct family Dicroglossidae again. In addition, the delimitation and validity of several genera is in need of more research (though much progress has been made in the last years). Namely, how the huge genus ''Rana'' is best split up requires more study.〔Hillis & Wilcox (2005), Pauly ''et al.'' (2009)〕 While the splitting-off of several genera—like ''Pelophylax''—is rather uncontroversial, but groups such as ''Babina'' or ''Nidirana'' represent far more disputed cases.〔Cai ''et al.'' (2007), Pauly ''et al.'' (2009)〕 While too little of the vast diversity of true frogs has been subject to recent studies to say something definite, as of mid-2008, studies are going on, and several lineages are recognizable.〔Cai ''et al.'' (2007), Kotaki ''et al.'' (2008), Stuart (2008)〕 * Genera such as ''Nyctibatrachus'' and ''Staurois'', and the complex around ''Euphlyctis'', ''Hoplobatrachus'', ''Nannophrys'', ''Sphaerotheca'' and the paraphyletic ''Fejervarya'' are probably very ancient offshoots of the main Raninae lineage. * ''Amolops'' has been generally delimited as a monophyletic group. * ''Odorrana'' and ''Rana'' plus some proposed minor genera (which probably ought to be included in the latter) form another group. * A group including ''Clinotarsus'', ''Huia'' in the strict sense and ''Meristogenys'' * An ill-defined assemblage of ''Babina'', ''Glandirana'', ''Hylarana'', ''Pulchrana'', ''Sanguirana'', and ''Sylvirana'', as well as ''Hydrophylax'' and ''Pelophylax'', which are probably not monophyletic. Most of them are now treated as junior synonyms of the genus ''Hylarana''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=''Hylarana'' Tschudi, 1838 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「True frog」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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