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:''See al-raya for the term for "banner".'' A rayah or reaya (from Arabic رعايا ''ra`aya'', a plural of رعيّة ''ra`iya'' "flock, subject", also spelled ''raya'', ''raja'', ''raiah'', ''re'aya''; Ottoman Turkish رعايا (:ɾeˈʔaːjeː); Modern Turkish râya (:ɾaːˈja) or reaya) was a member of the tax-paying lower class of Ottoman society, in contrast to the askeri and kul. The Rayah made up over 90% of the general Islamic population and the millet communities. In Muslim world, Rayyah literally ''subject'' of a government or sovereign. The rayah (literally 'members of the flock') included Christians, Muslims, and Jews who were 'shorn' (''i.e.'' taxed) to support the state and the associated 'professional Ottoman' class.〔Sugar, p. 33〕 But both in contemporaneous and in modern usage, it refers to non-Muslim subjects in particular, also called zimmi.〔Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48, "Rayah \Ra"yah\ (r()"y() or r()"y()), n. (ra'iyah a herd, a subject, fr. ra'a to pasture, guard. ) A person not a Mohammedan (i. e. Muslim), who pays the capitation tax. (Turkey) (1913 Webster)"〕〔(Dictionary.com definition )〕〔''"Rayahs,"--all who pay the capitation tax, called the "Haraç." "This tax was levied on the whole male unbelieving population," except children under ten, old men, Christian and Jewish priests.'' --Finlay, Greece under Ottoman and Venetian Domination, 1856, p. 26.〕 The word is sometimes mistranslated as 'cattle' rather than 'flock' or 'subjects' to emphasize the inferior status of the rayah. In the early Ottoman Empire, rayah were not eligible for military service, but starting in the late 16th century, Muslim rayah became eligible, to the distress of some of the ruling class.〔Greene, p. 41, quoting Halil Inalcık〕 ==See also== *Dhimmi *Giaour *Ottoman Millet system *Second-class citizen 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rayah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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