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The Rhine is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about ,〔The Rhine is cited as the "twelfth longest river of Europe" if the Russian rivers Volga, Ural, Pechora, Kama, Northern Dvina–Vychegda, Oka and Belaya are counted which are based on the modern conventional boundary between Europe and Asia are within European Russia or form part of the boundary to Asia. Also longer than the Rhine are the Eastern European rivers Dnieper, Don and Dniester flowing into the Black Sea. 〕〔The Rhine only has an official length scale (''Rheinkilometer'') downstream of Constance. Its full length is subject to the definition of the Alpine Rhine. In 2010, there were media reports to the effect that the length of the Rhine had long been underreported in 20th-century encyclopedias, and upon request by journalists, Dutch Rijkswaterstaat cited a length of 1,856km. . "'We checked it out and came to 1,232 kilometres,' said Ankie Pannekoek, spokeswoman for the Dutch government hydrology office."〕 with an average discharge of about . The Rhine and the Danube formed most of the northern inland frontier of the Roman Empire and, since those days, the Rhine has been a vital and navigable waterway carrying trade and goods deep inland. The many castles and fortifications along the Rhine testify to its importance as a waterway in the Holy Roman Empire. In the modern era, it has become a symbol of German nationalism. ==Name== The variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name ', which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek , Latin ''ラテン語:Rhenus''.〔The Rhine was not known in the Hellenistic period. It is mentioned by Cicero, ''In Pisonem'' 33.81. Strabo (1.4.3) mentions the countries "at the mouth of the Rhine" ; "states that the countries "beyond the Rhine and as far as Scythia" should be considered unknown, as Pytheas' account of remote nations is not to be trusted.〕 The spelling with ''Rh-'' in English ''Rhine'' as well as in German ''ドイツ語:Rhein'' and French ''フランス語:Rhin'' is due to the influence of Greek orthography, while the vocalisation ''-i-'' is due to the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *', via Old Frankish giving Old English ',〔Bosworth and Toller, ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (1898), (p. 799 ). ' ''Orosius'' (ed. J. Bosworth 1859) 1.1〕 Old High German ', Dutch ' (formerly also spelled ')). The diphthong in modern German ''ドイツ語:Rhein'' (also adopted in Romansh ') is a Central German development of the early modern period, the Alemannic name ' retaining the older vocalism,〔The loss of final ''-n'' in pausa is a recent development in Alemannic, the form ' is mostly preserved in Lucerne dialects. ''Schweizerisches Idiotikon'' s.v. ("Rī(n)" ) (6,994).〕 as does Ripuarian ', while Palatine has diphthongized '. Spanish is with French in adopting the Germanic vocalism ', while Italian, Occitan and Portuguese retain the Latin '. The Gaulish name ''Rēnos'' (Proto-Celtic or pre-Celtic〔 Krahe (1964) claims the hydronym as "Old European", i.e. belonging to the oldest Indo-European layer of names predating the 6th century BC (Hallstatt D) Celtic expansion.〕 '' *Reinos'') belongs to a class of river names built from the PIE root ' "to move, flow, run", also found in other names such as the Reno in Italy.〔. In Albanian/Illyrian "" also means to "move, flow, run". Pokorny's (1959) "3. ' 'to move, set in motion'" (pp. 326–32), laryngealist ', with an ''-n-'' suffix; Celtic reflexes: Old Irish ''renn'' "rapid", ''rīan'' "sea", Middle Irish ''rian'' "river, way". The root gives the Germanic verb ''rinnan'' (' < '' *ri-nw-an'') whence English ''run'' (from a causative '' *rannjanan'', Old English ''eornan''); Gothic ''rinnan'' "run, flow," Old English ''rinnan'', Old Norse ''rinna'' "to run,", ''rinno'' "brook"; c.f. Sanskrit ''rinati'' "causes to flow"; Root cognates without the ''-n-'' suffix include Middle Low German ''ride'' "brook", Old English ''riþ'' "stream", Dutch ''ril'' "running stream", Latin ''rivus'' "stream", Old Church Slavonic ''reka'' "river".; see also 〕 The grammatical gender of the Celtic name (as well as of its Greek and Latin adaptation) is masculine, and the name remains masculine in German, Dutch and French. The Old English river name was variously inflected as masculine or feminine; and its Old Icelandic adoption was inflected as feminine.〔Bosworth and Toller, ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (1898), (p. 799 ): ''Rín''; m.; f. The Rhine () O. H. Ger. ''Rín''; m.: Icel. ''Rín''; f.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rhine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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