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Ribhus
The Ribhus (Sanskrit: ऋभु, ṛbhu) are three at first mortal beings who according to Sayana attained godhood by austerities.〔''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Collection of Articles from the Indian Historical Quarterly compiled by P. Mittal Geeta Dua, Delhi 2010, Vol.1, p.76, Note 83〕 Their individual names were Ribhu (or Rhibhu), Vaja and Vibhvan, but after the name of their leader they were collectively called Rhibhus or Ribhus (, pl. ṛbhava). Their name's meaning is "clever, skillful, inventive, prudent", cognate to Latin ''labor'' and Gothic ''arb-aiþs'' "labour, toil", and perhaps to English ''elf''.〔suggested in OED〕 In the Rigveda the adjective in its lexical meaning "skillful" is also applied to Indra, Agni and the Adityas.
==Origin and meaning==
The Ribhus were first mentioned in the oldest Hindu scriptures of the Rigveda, wherein eleven hymns are dedicated to them (RV 1.20, 110, 111, 161, RV 3.60, RV 4.33-37, RV 7.48), and the Atharvaveda. They are said to be the sons of Sudhanvan, a descendant of Angiras.〔''RigVeda Samhita'' Vol.I According to the translation of H.H. Wilson and Bhasya of Sayanacarya by Ravi Prakash Arya and K.L.Joshi〕 In later Hindu mythology (Vishnu Purana Book 2, Chapters 15 - 16〔H.H. Wilson ''The Vishnu Purana A System of Hindhu Mythology And Tradition'', Delhi 1980, Reprint 2003, Vol.1 p.366 ff.〕 and the ''Song of Ribhu''〔''The Song of Ribhu: Translated from the Original Tamil version of Ribhu Gita'': Translated by Dr. H. Ramamoorthy and Nome, Published by Society of Abidance in Truth〕) Ribhu (or Rhibhu), supposed to be the leader of them, is said to be a son of Brahma. Unlike that identification the "Puranic Encyclopedia" states that this Ribhu is not identical with the leader of the Rhibhus whose name therein is Rbuksan.〔Vettam Mani ''Puranic Encyclopedia'', Delhi 1975, 9th Reprint 2010, p.647〕 They are supposed to dwell in the solar sphere; Aitareya Brahmana III, 30 describes them as "sun's neighbours or pupils".〔Bal Gangadhar Tilak ''The Orion, Or, Researches Into The Antiquity Of The Vedas'', Reprinted from 1893 Edition Delhi 2008, p.167〕 On Earth they appeared generally as accompanying Indra, especially at the evening sacrifice and as Gods they were besought to grant boons to their worshipers, especially dexterity.〔''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.76, Note 85, referring to Arthur Berriedale Keith ''Philosophy and Religion of the Veda and Upanishads'' Vol.1, p.176〕
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