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:''Please see Regular Army (disambiguation) for countries other than the United States that use this term'' The Regular Army of the United States was and is the successor to the Continental Army as the country's permanent, professional military establishment.〔Johnson, Mark W., ''That Body of Brave Men: The U.S. Regular Infantry and the Civil War in the West'', p. ix. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003.〕 Even in modern times the professional core of the United States Army continues to be called the Regular Army. From the time of the American Revolution until after the Spanish–American War, the small Regular Army of the United States was supported by State militias and volunteer regiments organized by States but thereafter controlled by federal authorities and generals in time of war. These volunteer regiments came to be called United States Volunteers (USV) in contrast to the Regular United States Army (USA). During the American Civil War, about 97 percent of the Union Army was United States Volunteers. In contemporary use, the term Regular Army refers to the full-time active component of the United States Army, as distinguished from the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard. The American military system which developed from the combination of the professional, national Continental Army, the State militias and volunteer regiments of the American Revolutionary War, and the similar post-Revolutionary War American military organization under the Militia Act of 1792, provided a basis for the United States Army's organizations, with only minor changes, until the creation of the modern National Guard in 1903.〔Wright, Jr., Robert K. and Morris J. MacGregor, Jr. (''Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution'', Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D.C., 1987, First Printing-CMH Pub 71-25. Retrieved September 28, 2010. )〕 The Militia Act provided for the use of volunteers who could be used anywhere in time of war in addition to the State militias who were restricted to local use within their States for short periods of time. Even today's professional United States Army, which is augmented by the Army Reserve and Army National Guard has a similar system of organization with a permanent, professional core and additional units which can be called upon in time of war or emergency. ==Continental Army== The United States Army traces its origin to the founding of the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, when the Continental Congress authorized enlistment of riflemen from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia to join the New England militia army besieging Boston in order to serve the United Colonies for one year.〔Hogan, Jr., David W., U. S. Army Center of Military History, ''Centuries of Service, The U.S. Army, 1775–2004'', pamphlet, Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D.C., 2004, CMH Pub 70–71–1, p. 4. http://www.history.army.mil/books/cos/3-9.htm, retrieved September 28, 2010; http://www.history.army.mil/html/faq/branches.html, retrieved September 28, 2010;〕 Late in 1776, Congress called for the Continental Army to serve for the duration of the war. The army was to consist of 88 battalions raised and equipped by the states, with officers appointed by the States. Appointment of officers actually continued to be a collaboration between Congress, the Commander in Chief, George Washington, and the States. The number of battalions was to be apportioned to the States according to their population.〔Mahon, John K. and Romana Danysh (''INFANTRY Part I: Regular Army'' ), p. 6. Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D.C., 1972, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 74-610219. Retrieved September 28, 2010.〕 While the initial number of battalions approached the authorized strength, the infantry of the entire Continental establishment was reduced to fifty battalions by 1 January 1781 because failure to be able to maintain a larger number of regiments.〔Mahon and Danysh, 1972, p. 7〕 During the Revolutionary War, battalions and regiments were essentially the same.〔 By October 19, 1781 when the British army under General Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans and French allies at Yorktown, the Continental Army had grown back to sixty battalions.〔Mahon and Danysh, 1972, p. 11.〕 The Continental Army was supported during the war by many State militia units for varying short periods of time and by a few separate volunteer State regiments, usually organized only for local service. Despite the difficulties of training and equipping part-time or short term soldiers and using them in combination with professionally trained regulars, the Americans succeeded in fielding a large enough army to prevail without keeping a large army in the field at all times or establishing a large permanent army.〔Mahon and Danysh, 1972, pp. 10–11.〕 Because of the inability of Congress to raise much revenue under the Articles of Confederation, American suspicion of standing armies and perceived safety from foreign enemies provided by large oceans effectively controlled by the then non-threatening British navy, Congress disbanded the Continental Army after the Treaty of Paris, the peace treaty with Great Britain, became effective. Congress retained 80 caretaker soldiers to protect arms and equipment at West Point, New York and Fort Pitt and called on the States to furnish 700 men from their militias for one year of service on the frontier.〔Hogan, Jr., 2004, p. 6; Mahon and Danysh, 1972, p. 11.〕 The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 recognized the need for a more permanent military establishment and provided for a national regular army and navy and a militia under state control, subject to civilian control through congressional control of appropriations and presidential leadership as commander in chief of the regular forces and of the militia when called into federal service.〔Hogan, Jr., 2004, pp. 6–7〕 On June 3, 1784, the day after the Continental Army was reduced to 80 men, the Congress established a regiment which was to be raised and officered by obtaining volunteers from the militia of four of the states.〔Mahon and Danysh, 1972, p. 12〕 This unit, the First American Regiment was commanded until 1 January 1792 by Josiah Harmar of Pennsylvania, gradually turned into a Regular regiment known as the 1st Infantry in 1791, and in 1815 was it redesignated as the 3d Infantry in the reorganization of the army following the War of 1812.〔 Congress gradually increased the military establishment from 700 men in 1784 to 5,104 in 1793.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Regular Army (United States)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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