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''Kristallnacht'' ((:kʁɪsˈtalnaχt); ) or ''Reichskristallnacht'' , ''The Atlantic'', 19 June 2011. "Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as ''Kristallnacht'', on Nov. 10, 1938. Nazi authorities turned a blind eye as SA stormtroopers and civilians destroyed storefronts with hammers, leaving the streets covered in pieces of smashed windows. Some sources estimate that ninety-one Jews were killed, and 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps."〕 Estimates of the number of fatalities caused by the pogrom have varied. Early reporting estimated that 91 Jewish people were murdered during the attacks.〔 Modern analysis of German scholarly sources by historians such as Richard J. Evans puts the number much higher. When deaths from post-arrest maltreatment and subsequent suicides are included, the death toll climbs into the hundreds. Additionally, 30,000 were arrested and incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps.〔 Jewish homes, hospitals, and schools were ransacked, as the attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers.〔 Over 1,000 synagogues were burned (95 in Vienna alone) and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged.〔Berenbaum, Michael & Kramer, Arnold (2005). ''The World Must Know''. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 49.〕〔Gilbert, pp. 30–33.〕 Martin Gilbert writes that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from the foreign journalists working in Germany sent shock waves around the world.〔Gilbert, pp. 13–14.〕 ''The Times'' wrote at the time: "No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults on defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday."〔"A Black Day for Germany", ''The Times'', 11 November 1938, cited in Gilbert, p. 41.〕 The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a German-born Polish Jew living in Paris. ''Kristallnacht'' was followed by additional economic and political persecution of Jews, and is viewed by historians as part of Nazi Germany's broader racial policy, and the beginning of the Final Solution and The Holocaust. ==Etymology== The incident was originally referred to as ''die Kristallnacht'' (literally "crystal night"), alluding to the enormous number of glass windows broken throughout the night, mostly in synagogues and Jewish-owned shops. The prefix Reichs- (imperial) was later added ''(Reichskristallnacht)'' as a sardonic comment on the Nazis' propensity to add this prefix to various terms and titles like ''Reichsführer-SS'' or ''Reichsmarschall''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kristallnacht」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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