|
is a genre〔Carter, Steven D. ''Three Poets at Yuyama'', University of California, 1983, ISBN 0-912966-61-0 p.3〕 of Japanese collaborative poetry. A ''renga'' consists of at least two or stanzas. The opening stanza of the ''renga'', called the , became the basis for the modern haiku form of poetry. Two of the most famous masters of ''renga'' were the Buddhist priest Sōgi (1421–1502) and Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694). == History == ''Renga'' was one of the most important literary arts in pre-modern Japan. The earliest surviving ''renga'' is in the Man'yōshū, where Ōtomo no Yakamochi and a made and exchanged poems with sound unit counts ("on") of 5-7-5 and 7-7.〔Keene, Donald, ''The Comic Tradition in Renga'', in ''Japan in the Muromachi Age'','' ''edited by John Hall and Takeshi Toyoda. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. p. 244.〕 This two-verse style is called . Other styles are called . A comparable, though less evolved, tradition of 'linked verse' (''lián jù'' 連句 - the same characters as 'renku') - evolved in Chin-dynasty China,〔Reckert, Stephen, ''Beyond Chrysanthemums: Perspectives on Poetry East and West'', Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-815165-9, p.43〕 and this Chinese form may have influenced Japanese ''renga'' during its formative period.〔Sato, Hiroaki. ''One Hundred Frogs, from ''renga'' to haiku to English'', Weatherhill 1983, ISBN 0-8348-0176-0 p.11〕 However, there are major differences between the two, the Chinese having a unity of subject and a general lightheartedness of tone, neither of which characteristic is present in Japanese ''renga''; furthermore, the history of Japanese poetry shows ''renga'' as an apparently natural evolution.〔Keene, Donald, Japanese Literature: an Introduction for Western Readers, (New York: Grove Press, 1955) p. 33-34.〕 Around the time the ''Shin Kokin Wakashū'' was compiled, the ''renga'' form of poetry was finally established as a distinct style. This original ''renga'' style, consisted of one-hundred links, used only the that had been established in the ''Kokinshū'', used sound unit counts of 5-7-5 and 7-7, and finished with two lines of 7 sound units each. At this time, poets considered the use of ''utakotoba'' as the essence of creating a perfect ''waka'', and use of any other words was considered to be unbecoming of true poetry. Many rules or were formalized in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods specifying a minimum number of intervening stanzas before a topic or class of topics could recur.〔Carter, Steven D. ''The Road to Komatsubara'', Harvard University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-674-77385-3, pp. 33-72.〕 ''Renga'' was a popular form of poetry even in the confusion of Azuchi-Momoyama period. Yet by the end of this era, the ''shikimoku'' had become so complicated and systematic that they stifled the active imagination that had been a part of the ''rengas appeal. During the medieval and Edo periods, ''renga'' was a part of the cultural knowledge required for high society. In the Edo period, as more and more ordinary citizens became familiar with ''renga'', ''shikimoku'' were greatly simplified. The 36-verse Kasen became the most popular form of ''renga'', and commonly spoken words as well as slang and Chinese words were allowed. With this relaxation of the rules, ''renga'' were able to express broader humor and wit. This style of ''renga'' came to be called ''haikai no renga'' ("comical linked verse") or simply ''haikai'', and Matsuo Bashō is known as the greatest ''haikai'' poet. The most favored form of ''renga'' in the Edo period was the , a chain consisting of 36 verses. As a rule, ''kasen'' must refer to flowers (usually cherry blossoms) twice, and three times to the moon. These references are termed and . The first stanza of the ''renga'' chain, the ''hokku'', is the forebear of the modern haiku. The stand-alone hokku was renamed haiku in the Meiji period by the great Japanese poet and critic Masaoka Shiki. Shiki proposed ''haiku'' as an abbreviation of the phrase "''haikai no ku''" meaning a verse of ''haikai''.〔Miner, Earl. ''Japanese Linked Poetry''. Princeton University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-691-01368-3 pbk.〕 For almost 700 years, ''renga'' was a popular form of poetry, but its popularity was greatly diminished in the Meiji period. Masaoka Shiki, although himself a participant in several ''renga'',〔Higginson, William J. ''The Haiku Seasons'', Kodansha, 1996, ISBN 4-7700-1629-8 p.55〕 claimed that . The ''rengas appeal of working as a group to make a complete work was not compatible with the European style of poetry gaining popularity in Japan, where a single poet writes the entire poem. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Renga」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|