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Repartition ((ロシア語:передел), ''peredel'') was a practice in the Russian Empire of the periodic redistribution of the peasant's arable land by the village community. The traditional household did not permanently hold a particular allotment in the open fields. What the household had was the ''right'', so long as it remained within the village community (`mir'), to a holding commensurate with its size. The mir's assembly, the ''skhod'', periodically redistributed the arable land to allow for changes in the size of households, and for new (or extinguished) households. ==History== Repartition was the concomitant of Tsarist tax policies; it ensured that every peasant family had the wherewithal to meet its tax obligations. It was almost unknown before the later 17th century, but thereafter became widespread. The introduction of the soul tax, Peter the Great's heavy equal poll tax on adult males, in 1724, encouraged its spread. In 1829 a decree required miry on State lands henceforth to carry out a general egalitarian repartition (''chernyi peredel'') following each new tax assessment or `revision'. By the mid-19th century repartition was, formally, almost universal in Slavonic Russia (the exception was the far west). After this time the law no longer required repartition, but by then it had become absorbed into peasant culture as a streak of egalitarianism.〔Jerome Blum, ''Lord and Peasant in Russia From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century'' (Princeton University Press, 1961), p.512; W. S. Vucinich, ed., ''The Peasant in Nineteenth-Century History'' (Stanford University Press, California, 1968), p.138.〕 A law of 1893 sought to restrict repartition to every twelfth year, i.e. every four crop-rotations under the traditional `three-field', i.e. three-course, crop-rotation. The Bolshevik Land Code of 1922 specified nine years (three crop-cycles). But some miry preferred to divide the land more frequently, such as every six years, and even annual repartition was not unknown. Meadows were often divided annually prior to mowing. Partial repartitions (''skidka-nakidka'') could be carried out in the intervening intervals to take account of population changes. Some communities preferred such continual adjustments as less drastic than general repartition.〔Vucinich, ed., ''The Peasant'', p.141; *; Blum, ''Lord and Peasant'', pp.525; ... *〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Repartition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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