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The ''Requerimiento'' (Spanish) "requirement" as in "demand" was a written declaration of sovereignty and war, read by Spanish military forces to assert their sovereignty (''a dominating control'') over the Americas. Written by Council of Castile jurist Juan López de Palacios Rubios in 1513, it was used to justify the assertion that God, through historical Saint Peter and appointed Papal successors, held authority as ruler ''over the entire Earth''; and that the Inter Caetera Papal Bull, of 4 May 1493 by Pope Alexander VI, conferred title over all the Americas to the Spanish monarchs.〔"Indigenous Peoples in International Law", S. James Anaya, p36, Oxford University Press US, 2004, ISBN 0-19-517350-3〕 The Requerimiento probably had its origins as early as the 8th century in the ''Dawah'' messages sent to non-Muslim nations by Arab conquerors, demanding that their recipients submit to Islamic rule (see Aslim Taslam).〔Francis, John Michael (Ed.), (''Iberia and the Americas: culture, politics, and history, Volume 1'' ), ABC-CLIO 2006, p. 903, ISBN 1-85109-421-0〕 The ''Requerimiento'' emerged in the context of moral debates within Spanish elites over the colonization of the Americas, and associated actions such as war, slavery, 'Indian reductions', conversions, relocations, and war crimes. Its use was criticised by many clerical missionaries, most prominently Bartolomé de las Casas. ==History== In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, which legitimized the slave trade, at least as a result of war. It granted Afonso V of Portugal the right to reduce any "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery. However, the Dominican friars who arrived at the Spanish settlement at Santo Domingo in 1510 strongly denounced the enslavement of the local Indigenous residents. Along with other priests, they opposed the native peoples' treatment as unjust and illegal in an audience with the Spanish king and in the subsequent royal commission. Comparing the situation in the Old World and New World: in Spain's wars against the Moors, the clerics claimed that Muslims had knowledge of Christ and rejected Him, so that waging a Crusade against them was legitimate; in contrast, in Spain's wars against the Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Native Americans, wars against those who had never come into contact with Christianity were illegitimate. Responding to this impeding clerical position, the ''Requerimiento'' was issued, providing a religious justification for wars against and conquest of the local populations of pre-existing residents, on the pretext of their refusing the ''legitimate authority'' of the Kings of Spain and Portugal as granted by the Pope. The 1513 ''Requerimiento'', in relation to the Spanish invasion of the Americas and subsequent Spanish colonization of the Americas: demanded that the local populations accept Spanish rule and allow preaching to them by Catholic missionaries; on pain of war, slavery or death. The ''Requerimiento'' did not demand conversion, although the Indian Reductions through the Encomienda and Mission systems often did.〔Newcomb, Steven, (''Pagans in the Promised Land'' ), Fulcrum 2008, p. 32-36, ISBN 1-55591-642-2〕〔Williams, Robert A, ''The American Indian in western legal thought'', Oxford University Press US 1992, p. 91-93, ISBN 0-19-508002-5〕 This claim provided a legal loophole for enslavement of the population as rebellious vassals if they resisted, and the document stated: "We emphasise that any deaths that result from this (of Christian rule ) are your fault…" 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Requerimiento」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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