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Study skills or ''study strategies'' are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to success in school, considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning throughout one's life. Respicius Rwehumbiza in his book "Understanding Examination Techniques and Effective study Strategies" in 2013 asserted that, most students fail in examinations simply because they lack study skills and/or examination taking techniques. Study skills are an array of skills which tackle the process of organizing and taking in new information, retaining information, or dealing with assessments. They include mnemonics, which aid the retention of lists of information; effective reading; concentration techniques;〔Bremer, Rod. The Manual - A guide to the Ultimate Study Method (USM). (Amazon Digital Services)〕 and efficient notetaking.〔http://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/site/colleges/seh/freshinfo/vs/StudySkills2008b.pdf 〕 While often left up to the student and their support network, study skills are increasingly taught in high school and at the university level. A number of books and websites are available, from works on specific techniques such as Tony Buzan's books on mind-mapping, to general guides to successful study such as those by Stella Cottrell and Understanding Examination Techniques and Effective study Strategies by Respicius Rwehumbiza. More broadly, any skill which boosts a person's ability to study and pass exams can be termed a study skill, and this could include time management and motivational techniques. Study skills are discrete techniques that can be learned, usually in a short time, and applied to all or most fields of study. They must therefore be distinguished from strategies that are specific to a particular field of study e.g. music or technology, and from abilities inherent in the student, such as aspects of intelligence or learning styles. == Historical context == The term ''study skills'' is used for general approaches to learning, skills for specific courses of study. There are many theoretical works on the subject, including a vast number of popular books and websites. Manuals for students have been published since the 1940s . In the 1950s and 1960s, college instructors in the fields of psychology and the study of education used research, theory, and experience with their own students in writing manuals.〔Preston, Rah (1959). ''Teaching Study Habits and Skills'', Rinehart. Original from the University of Maryland digitized August 7, 2006.〕〔Kranyik, Robert and Shankman, Florence V. (1963). ''How to Teach Study Skills'', Teacher’s Practical Press.〕 Marvin Cohn based the advice for parents in his 1979 book ''Helping Your Teen-Age Student'' on his experience as a researcher and head of a university reading clinic that tutored teenagers and young adults.〔Cohn, Marvin (1979). ''Helping Your Teen-age Student: What Parents Can Do to Improve Reading and Study Skills'', Dutton, ISBN 978-0-525-93065-5.〕 In 1986, when ''Dr. Gary Gruber’s Essential Guide to Test Taking for Kids'' was first published, the author had written 22 books on taking standardized tests. A work in two volumes, one for upper elementary grades and the other for middle school, the ''Guide'' has methods for taking tests and schoolwork.〔Gruber, Gary (1986). ''Dr. Gary Gruber’s Essential Guide to Test Taking for Kids, Grades 3, 4, 5'', Quill, ISBN 978-0-688-06350-4.〕〔Gruber, Gary (1986). ''Dr. Gary Gruber’s Essential Guide to Test Taking for Kids, Grades 6, 7, 8, 9'', Quill, ISBN 978-0-688-06351-1.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Study skills」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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