|
The ''Rexurdimento'' (Galician) was a period in the History of Galicia during the 19th century. Its central feature was the revitalization of the Galician language as a vehicle of social and cultural expression after the so-called ''séculos escuros'' ("dark centuries"), in which the dominance of Castilian Spanish was nearly complete. The Galician ''Rexurdimento'' coincides with the Catalan ''Renaixença''. Romanticism led to a revival of regionalism in the Iberian Peninsula. Languages besides the official Castilian Spanish were reevaluated. In contrast to the universalizing Age of Enlightenment, a positive value was placed on regional traditions, languages, and dialects. In Galicia, Castilian Spanish had become the language of the cities and of the bourgeoisie, while Galician had become a largely rural language without a live literary tradition. This created some degree of diglossia, with Castilian Spanish dominating literary and business use, and Galician being strictly a language of daily life. ==The road to the ''Rexurdimento''== The transitional phase from the ''séculos escuros'' to the ''Rexurdimento'' is referred to by literary historians as the ''Prerrexurdimento''. Within the ''Prerrexurdimento'', two phases can be roughly distinguished, before and after the unsuccessful Solís Uprising of 1846. The first phase involved a rather diffuse revival of the Galician language; the second is more concentrated, including the first new Galician-language works in centuries to gain acclaim. From 1840 onward, groups of intellectuals saw Galicia as a backward region whose advancement was dependent on the formation of a regional or national identity. This provincialist movement centered at the University of Santiago de Compostela; its most prominent figure was Antolín Faraldo Asorey. The failed Solís Uprising of 1846, an uprising against centralism, ended with the summary execution of the so-called ''Martyrs of Carral''. This political and military defeat nonetheless awoke Galician literary consciousness. Authors who shared the idea of Galicia as their fatherland published in magazines such as ''El Centinela de Galicia'' ("The Galician Sentinel") and ''La Aurora de Galicia''. Benito Viceto published a ''History of Galicia'' (1865–1866) a heroic narrative of Galician history in six volumes. Important works from this period include the ''Proezas de Galicia'' ("Prowess of Galicia") by Fernández Neira, ''A gaita gallega'' ("The Galician Bagpipes") by Juan Manuel Pintos (1853), the founding of the Juegos Florales de Galicia ("Floral Games of Galicia") in A Coruña (1861), as well as publications such as ''El álbum de la caridad'' ("The Charity Album") and newspapers that published fragments of Galician-language novels and plays. The two foremost Galician-language genres from this time were political writings and the revival of Galician as a literary language. The first of the political writings were linked to the Peninsular War, viewed throughout Spain as a war of independence against Napoleonic France: ''Un labrador que foi sarxento'' ("A farmer who was a sergeant", 1808) and several dialogues, the first of them being ''Proezas de Galicia explicadas baxo la conversación rústica de los dos compadres Chinto y Mingote'' ("Prowess of Galicia explained through the rustic conversation of two comrades Chinto and Mingote") by José Fernández de Neira (1812). Later, pamphlets and newspapers published polemics on both sides in the struggle between absolutism and liberalism, and other polemics critical of the administrative situation of the region. On the literary front were villancicos (intended to be sung), one play (''A casamenteira'' by Antonio Benito Fandiño, published in 1849 and centered on arranged marriage), satirical sonnets, two books of poetry by Nicomedes Pastor Díaz, and various other works. Francisco Añón was another author relevant in this period. Professor Dolores Vilavedra, while cautious in drawing conclusions, sees this phase of the ''Prerrexurdimento'' as basically a Galician form of artistic and political Romanticism.〔Cf. Dolores Vilavedra, ''Historia da literatura galega'', págs. 103-104.〕 Some institutions developed during this period, such as an Academia Literaria de Santiago with its official organ ''El Idólatra de Galicia'', and magazines such as ''Revista de Galicia''. However, many of these institutions were repressed after the 1846 Solís Uprising. The intellectual heirs of this thwarted movement were a group of young people, among them Manuel Murguía, Eduardo Pondal, and Rosalía de Castro. Their gathering in 1856 at the ''Banquete de Conxo'' ("Banquet of ''Conxo''") marks the founding of the Liceo de la Juventud as a gathering place and a base for cultural activism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rexurdimento」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|