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Raphanea
Raphanea or Raphaneae (present-day Rafniye) was a city of the late Roman province of Syria Secunda. Its bishopric was a suffragan of Apamea.
== History ==
Josephus mentions Raphanea in connection with a stream that flowed only every seventh days (probably an intermittent spring now called Fuwar ed-Deir) and that was viewed by Titus on his way northward from Berytus after the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70.〔(Josephus, ''The War of the Jews or The History of the Destruction of Jerusalem'', book 7, chapter 5, 1 )〕
Near Emesa, Raphanea was the fortified headquarters of the Legio III Gallica from which was launched the successful bid of 14-year-old Elagabalus to become Roman Emperor in 218.〔(Jasper Burns, ''Great Women of Imperial Rome'' (Routledge 2006 ISBN 978-1-13413185-3), p. 209 )〕
Raphanea issued coins under Elagabalus,〔(Kevin Butcher, ''Roman Syria and the Near East'' (Getty Publications 2003 ISBN 978-0-89236715-3), p. 117 )〕 and many of its coins are extant.〔(American Numismatic Society: Raphanea )〕〔(Elagabalus AE21mm Raphanea in Syria )〕〔(Raphanea Genius Coin )〕
Hierocles〔''Synecdemus'', 712, 8.〕 and Georgius Cyprius〔870 (Heinrich Gelzer, ''Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani'', 44)〕 mention Raphanea among the towns of Syria Secunda. The crusaders passed through it at the end of 1099; it was taken by Baldwin I and was given to the Count of Tripoli.〔"Historiens des croisades", passim; Rey in "Bulletin de la Société des antiquaires de France", Paris, 1885, 266.〕 It was then known as Rafania.〔(Sophrone Pétridès, "Rhaphanaea" in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York 1912) )〕
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