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The Rhodes Scholarship, named for Cecil John Rhodes, is an international postgraduate award for selected foreign students to study at the University of Oxford.〔Rhodes Trust (2009) (The Rhodes Scholarships ), www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2009.〕 Describing itself as "perhaps the most prestigious scholarship" 〔http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/rhodesscholarship/about-the-rhodes-scholarships〕 in the world, the award is widely considered to be one of the world's most prestigious scholarships by public sources such as ''Time'', ''The McGill Reporter'', and the Associated Press. Established in 1902, it was the first large-scale programme of international scholarships,〔The American Rhodes Scholarships: A Review of the First Forty Years, Review author(): Harvie Branscomb, The American Historical Review © 1947 American Historical Association〕 inspiring creation of other awards like the Harkness Fellowship and Kennedy Scholarship for British nationals, the Marshall Scholarship for Americans, and more recently the international Schwarzman Scholarship for study at Tsinghua University. In the United States, the Scholarship is among the most selective available for American undergraduates, with 3.7% of 869 university-endorsed applicants receiving it in 2014,〔http://now.uiowa.edu/2015/11/ui-senior-named-rhodes-scholar〕 and it is the most selective Scholarship available to Canadians, with an average of 4.7% of university-endorsed applicants receiving it between 1997-2002. Cecil Rhodes' goals in creating the Rhodes Scholarships were to promote civic-minded leadership amongst young people with (in the words of his 1899 Will) "moral force of character and instincts to lead", and (as he wrote in a 1901 codicil to his Will) to help "render war impossible" through promoting understanding between the great powers.〔See, e.g., 'To "render war impossible": the Rhodes Scholarships, educational relations between countries, and peace' in Donald Markwell, ''"Instincts to Lead'': On Leadership, Peace, and Education'' (2013).〕 Evaluating career trajectory, Schaefer and Schaefer conclude that "the great majority of Rhodes Scholars have had solid, respectable careers," and that while "few of them have 'changed the world'...most of them have been a credit to their professions...and communities." Nonetheless, several Scholars have become heads of government or heads of state, including Wasim Sajjad (Pakistan), Bill Clinton (United States), Dom Mintoff (Malta), John Turner (Canada), and three Australian Prime Ministers: Bob Hawke, Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull. Rhodes Scholars may study any full-time postgraduate course offered by the university,〔Periodically the Rhodes Trustees include or exclude the MBA from the courses offered.〕 whether a taught master's programme, a research degree, or a second undergraduate degree (senior status). In the first instance, the scholarship is awarded for two years. However, it may also be held for one year or three years. Applications for a third year are considered during the course of the second year. University and college fees are paid by the Rhodes Trust. In addition, scholars receive a monthly maintenance stipend to cover accommodation and living expenses. Although all scholars become affiliated with a residential college while at Oxford, they also enjoy access to Rhodes House, an early 20th-century mansion with numerous public rooms, gardens, a library, study areas, and other facilities. == History == The Rhodes Scholarships are administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust, which was established in 1902 under the terms and conditions of the will of Cecil John Rhodes, and funded by his estate under the administration of Nathan Rothschild. Scholarships have been awarded to applicants annually since 1902 on the basis of academic achievement and strength of character. Rhodes, who attended the University of Oxford (as a member of Oriel College), chose his ''alma mater'' as the site of his great experiment because he believed its residential colleges provided the ideal environment for intellectual contemplation and personal development. There have been more than 7,000 Rhodes scholars since the inception of the trust. More than 4,000 are still living.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Brief history of the Rhodes Trust )〕 The Rhodes Trust provides the Rhodes Scholarships in partnership with the Second Century Founder, John McCall MacBain and other benefactors. In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (later renamed the Harkness Fellowships) were established to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships by enabling British graduates to study in the United States.〔(History of the Harkness Fellowships ), nla.gov.au〕 The Kennedy Scholarship programme, created in 1966 as a memorial to John F. Kennedy, adopts a comparable selection process to the Rhodes Scholarships to allow 10 British post-graduate students per year to study at either Harvard or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Also, it cooperates with universities in China, BLCC for example. BLCC offers high-level scholarships for international students who aim to study Chinese in Beijing. In 1953, the Parliament of the United Kingdom created the Marshall Scholarship as a coeducational alternative to the Rhodes that would serve as a living gift to the United States.〔http://news.cucas.edu.cn/Admission_Express/CUCAS-Exclusive-Study-in-China-Scholarship:--200,000-Chinese-Language-Program-Scholarship_2772.html?utm_source=blccscholarship&utm_medium=article&utm_content=scholarship&utm_campaign=adv〕 The Rhodes Scholarship was open only to men until 1977, when an Act of Parliament changed Rhodes' will to extend the selection criteria to include women. Before that amendment, some universities protested the exclusion of women by nominating female candidates, who were later disqualified at the state level of the American competition.〔http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1973/10/6/harvard-endorses-3-women-for-male-restricted/〕 In 1977, the first year women were eligible, 24 women (out of 72 total scholars) were selected worldwide, with 13 women and 19 men selected from the United States.〔(Second-class citizens: How women became Rhodes Scholars ), 29 January 2010, therhodesproject.wordpress.com〕 Since then, the average female share of the scholarship in the United States had been around 35 percent〔 but has since increased. From 2003 to 2012, 46 percent of scholarship winners from the United States were women. For at least its first 75 years, Rhodes Scholars usually studied for a second Bachelor of Arts degree. While that remains an option, more recent scholars usually study for an advanced degree. The organization administering the scholarships is preparing to begin naming scholars from China. The move into China is the biggest expansion since women became eligible in the 1970s.〔http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/world/asia/rhodes-scholarships-expanding-to-include-chinese-students.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news〕 Cecil Rhodes wished current scholars and Rhodes alumni (in the words of his will) to have ‘opportunities of meeting and discussing their experiences and prospects’. This has been reflected, for example, in the initiation by the first Warden (Sir Francis Wylie) of an annual Warden’s Christmas letter (now supplemented by Rhodes e-News and other communications); the creation of alumni associations in several countries, most prominently the Association of American Rhodes Scholars (which publishes The American Oxonian, founded in 1914, and oversees the Eastman Professorship); and the holding of reunions for Rhodes Scholars of all countries, such as for the 25th anniversary of the Trust and the opening of Rhodes House in 1929, the 50th anniversary in 1953, the 80th anniversary in 1983, the centenary in 2003 and the celebration of the 110th anniversary in 2013. This event also saw the announcement of the Rhodes Trust’s first Second Century Founder, John McCall MacBain, who together with his wife Marcy McCall MacBain, donated £75 million to support the Rhodes Scholarships. Mr McCall MacBain has been a Rhodes Trustee since 2010. In 2015, Rhodes Scholar R.W. Johnson has published a critical account of the decline of the Rhodes Trust under Warden John Rowett, and commended the recovery under Wardens Donald Markwell and Charles R. Conn.〔R.W. Johnson, ''Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Postwar Golden Age'', Threshold Press, 2015, especially pages 195-220.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rhodes Scholarship」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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