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Hemiptera
The Hemiptera or true bugs are an order of insects comprising around 50,000–80,000 species of groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers and shield bugs. They range in size from to around , and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hemiptera: bugs, aphids and cicadas )〕 The name ''true bugs'' is sometimes limited to the suborder Heteroptera. Many insects commonly known as "bugs" belong to other orders; for example, the lovebug is a fly, while the May bug is a beetle.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-the-day/biodiversity/economic-impact/melolontha-melolontha/ )〕
Most hemipterans feed on plants, using their sucking and piercing mouthparts to extract plant sap. Some, however, are predators, often of other insects but also attacking other animals including small vertebrates, while others are parasitic. They live in a wide variety of habitats, generally terrestrial, though some species are adapted to life in or on the surface of fresh water. Hemipterans are hemimetabolous, with young nymphs that somewhat resemble adults. Many aphids are capable of parthenogenesis, producing young from unfertilised eggs; this helps them to reproduce extremely rapidly in favourable conditions.
Humans have interacted with the Hemiptera for millennia. Some species are important agricultural pests, damaging crops by the direct action of sucking sap, but also harming them indirectly by being the vectors of serious viral diseases. Other species have been used for biological control of insect pests. Hemipterans have been cultivated for the extraction of dyestuffs cochineal and carmine, and for shellac. The bed bug is a persistent parasite of man. Cicadas have been used as food, and have appeared in literature from the ''Iliad'' in Ancient Greece.
==Diversity==
Hemiptera is the largest order of hemimetabolous insects (not undergoing complete metamorphosis) containing over 75,000 named species; orders with more species all have a pupal stage, Coleoptera (370,000 described species), Lepidoptera (160,000), Diptera (100,000) and Hymenoptera (100,000).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Insect groups (Orders) )〕 The group is very diverse. The majority of species are terrestrial, including a number of important agricultural pests, but some are found in freshwater habitats. These include the water boatmen, pond skaters and giant water bugs.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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